I Pacta Conventa nella storia e nella tradizione giuridica e politica croato-ungherese.

I Pacta Conventa, ampiamente conosciuti e studiati dalla storiografia croato – ungherese, rappresentano un’importante testimonianza documentale di come i due paesi siano entrati in un’unione nel 1102, che durerà fino a 1918. Gran parte di questi studi, tuttavia, hanno il limite di presentarsi come letture in chiave ‘nazionalistica’ del testo diplomatico e si concentrano a raccogliere prove sulla veridicità o meno del documento. Scopo di questo lavoro invece, è studiare i concetti giuridici contenuti nei Pacta Conventa, ricostruendo la situazione politica-istituzionale a cui appartengono. Cercare, dunque, di contestualizzarlo nel tempo, precisamente nel Medioevo centrale, preirneriano e proto feudale, nonché nel territorio, ovvero in Europa, centrale e balcanica, slava e magiara. Si mette in evidenza che l’esperienza giuridica croata di questo periodo è basata su un diritto fondamentalmente non scritto e misto di influenze ove i Pacta occupano un ruolo importantissimo.\ud La prima parte del lavoro, dopo aver analizzato le principali teorie storiografiche, ricostruisce l’ambiente storico, politico ma soprattutto istituzionale dei regnum croato e ungherese. \ud La parte centrale del lavoro (seconda) è dedicata all’analisi dei concetti giuridici come, quelli facenti parte della risoluzione dei conflitti nonché gli iura imperia (privilegium, homagium, fiscus e servitium). \ud Infine, la terza e ultima parte, intitolata Oltre i Pacta Conventa, è un’analisi comparatistica di altri privilegi (dalmati – i privilegi del tipo di Traù- ed europei) riconducibili in qualche modo al documento di nostro interesse. \u

L'unification allemande à la lumière de la théorie des zones monétaires optimales

Through the case of Germany's economic and monetary reunification, the purpose of this thesis is to attempt to identify a criterion in order to link the field of analysis of optimum currency areas to the realm of political choices, which were the main drivers of Germany's reunification. It is comprised of three parts. A first part shows how the strategy of reunification through the immediate introduction of the deutsche Mark in East Germany partook of Germany's tradition of initiating a political unification by resorting to monetary instruments. A second part intends to explain Germany's currency reunification in the light of the theory of optimum currency areas developped by Mundell [1961], Mc Kinnon [1963], Kennen [1969] and Ingram [1969]. It shows that, although the region formed by the two Germanys did not meet the classic criteria of an optimum currency area, it did fulfil the homogeneity of preferences condition as set by Cooper [1977] and Kindleberger [1986]. A third part overturns the classic conception of optimum currency areas. Based on Germany's experience of monetary unification, it enriches the notion of praticable monetary areas. Whereas the Bourguinat [1992] the homogeneity of preferences is a sufficient condition for the developement of a monetary union, the criteria set by Mundelle [1961] and his successors are the necessary conditions. For the monetary union built upon preferences common to the union's member to the praticable, economic policies must drive it to meet the traditionnal criteria set in the theory of optimum currency areas.L’objet de cette thèse est de tenter d’identifier, à travers le cas de l’unification économique et monétaire allemande, un critère permettant d’établir un lien entre le champ de l’analyse des zones monétaires optimales et le registre des choix politiques dont relève au premier chef l’unification allemande. La thèse est composée de trois parties. Une premièrepartie montre en quoi la stratégie d’unification par l’introduction immédiate du deutsche Mark à l’Est de l’Allemagne s’inscrivait dans la tradition allemande d’initiation de l’unification politique par le recours à l’instrument monétaire. Une deuxième partie est destinée à examiner les modalités de l’unification monétaire allemande à la lumière de la théorie des zones monétaires optimales initiée par Mundell [1961], McKinnon [1963], Kennen [1969] et Ingram [1969] ; elle montre que si la région composée des deux Allemagnes ne satisfaisait pas aux critères classiques d’existence d’une zone monétaire optimale, elle remplissait par contre la condition d’homogénéité des préférences posée par Cooper [1977] et Kindleberger [1986]. Une troisième partie procède au renversement de la conception classique des zones monétaires optimales en partant de l’expérience de l’unification monétaire allemande et cherche à enrichir de cette expérience la notion de zone monétaire praticable. Si, avec Bourguinat [1992], on fait de l’homogénéité des préférences la condition suffisante de formation d’une union monétaire, les critères posés par Mundell [1961] et ses successeurs en sont toutefois les conditions nécessaires. La praticabilité d’une union monétaire construite sur la base de préférences communes aux membres de l’union sera liée à la mise en oeuvre de politiques économiques destinées à rapprocher cette union de la vérification des critères traditionnels de la théorie des zones monétaires optimale

Occupational therapists' experiences of interventions for individuals with mental fatigue : A qualitative study

Introduktion: Tidigare forskning tyder på att hjärntrötthet är ett komplext tillstånd som negativt påverkar individens livssituation och kan skapa obalans i vardagliga aktiviteter. Syfte: Att beskriva arbetsterapeuters erfarenheter av interventioner för individer med hjärntrötthet. Metod: En kvalitativ design valdes för att besvara studiens syfte. Avsiktligt urval användes för att utse tio arbetsterapeuter med erfarenhet inom området. Data samlades in med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer med öppna intervjufrågor. Innehållsanalys genomfördes på de transkriberade intervjuerna, vilket resulterade i ett tema, tre kategorier samt sju underkategorier. Resultat: Resultatet sammanfattades i temat ”Arbetsterapeuten som coach med individen i fokus”. Kategorierna som framkom var; Information och rådgivning: vikten av att informera patienter och anhöriga om innebörden av hjärntrötthet samt nyttan med interaktion där arbetsterapeuten agerade coach och patienten gavs möjlighet att reflektera. Strategier: genom exempelvis identifiering, planering och struktur av aktivitetsmönster erbjöds patienten hantering av hjärntröttheten och kunde därmed bättre klara sin vardag. Hjälpmedel: individanpassade hjälpmedel av olika slag kunde underlätta i patientens vardag. Slutsatser: Det fanns inte några färdiga interventioner för patienter med hjärntrötthet utan åtgärderna behövde anpassas för varje specifik individ. Genom coachning, strategier och hjälpmedel kunde patienterna lära sig att hantera sin hjärntrötthet och få vardagen att fungera.Introduction: Previous researches indicate that mental fatigue is a complex condition that adversely affects the individual's life situation and can cause imbalance in everyday activities. Aim: To describe occupational therapists' experiences of interventions for individuals with mental fatigue. Method: A qualitative design was chosen to answer the purpose of this study. Target selection was used to elect ten occupational therapists with experience in the field. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews with open interview questions. Content analysis was conducted on the transcribed interviews, resulting in one theme, three categories and seven subcategories. Result: The result was summarized in a theme: Occupational therapist as a coach with focus on the individual. The categories were; Information and counseling: the importance of informing patients and relatives about mental fatigue as well as the benefit of interaction. Strategies: further interventions were enabled through patients identifying and acquiring insight of his or her own situation. Assistive devices: individualized assistive devices could support the patient's everyday life. Conclusions: Results showed that there were no ready-made interventions for patients with mental fatigue and that the interventions had to be individualized for each specific individual. The purpose of the interventions was to teach patients to deal with their mental fatigue an

Mexican-native human echinococcosis: Case report of an underestimated disease

Mexico is considered a virtually free region of cystic echinococcosis. Almost all case reports within the country involve immigrants or traveling patients. This manuscript presents a Mexican-native human echinococcosis that developed in the setting described below. Review of current evidence suggests that this infection has been underestimated

"La experiencia de Radio Cultural Campesina en la difusión de la historia regional."

La experiencia de la XEYT dentro de la historia regional de Teocelo, Ver, como un ejercicio de micro-historia, muestra algunas de las dimensiones de la comunicación popular que algunos medios pueden canalizar. Esta experiencia debe ubicarse, sin pretensión de exaltarla, como un proyecto que se mueve por cauces dirigidos sobre todo a la expresión, difusión y participación de la sociedad civil de la región.p.183-198

Global distribution of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. Echinococcus multilocularis (causative agent of AE) is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere where it is typically maintained in a wild animal cycle including canids as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts. The species Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus ortleppi, Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus intermedius are the causative agents of CE with a worldwide distribution and a highly variable human disease burden in the different endemic areas depending upon human behavioural risk factors, the diversity and ecology of animal host assemblages and the genetic diversity within Echinococcus species which differ in their zoonotic potential and pathogenicity. Both AE and CE are regarded as neglected zoonoses, with a higher overall burden of disease for CE due to its global distribution and high regional prevalence, but a higher pathogenicity and case fatality rate for AE, especially in Asia. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have addressed the epidemiology and distribution of these Echinococcus species worldwide, resulting in better-defined boundaries of the endemic areas. This chapter presents the global distribution of Echinococcus species and human AE and CE in maps and summarizes the global data on host assemblages, transmission, prevalence in animal definitive hosts, incidence in people and molecular epidemiology