Estimación del subregistro de casos de paludismo en diez municipios de la costa del Pacífico nariñense durante 2009

Introduction. The complete and effective collection of data of malaria cases is essential to formulate operative plans, as well as to develop and apply policies for its prevention and control. However, in Colombia, not all of the identified cases are notified nor incorporated into the surveillance system. This underreport represents a serious problem for decision makers.Objective. To estimate the type and quantity of errors made during the completion of the malaria individual case reporting form and its digitization level, through the use and monitoring of the reporting form in ten municipalities of Nariño in 2009.Materials and methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study with a non-probabilistic and convenience sample of diagnosis and treatment sites was carried out. Copies of the reporting forms from these sites and of the Public Health Surveillance System database were taken to compare them case-by-case. Proportions were calculated.Results. In more than 60% of the 2,816 reporting forms of positive cases the information about municipality of residence, municipality of origin and occupation was not reported. The case-by-case comparison revealed that 845 (30.0%) notification forms were not digitized at all. Information of variables such as residence, name of the municipality, and date of onset of symptoms were neither complete nor exact in more than 50% of the cases. Conclusions. The use of copies of the reporting forms allows knowing the underreporting due to lack of digitization. One third of the cases can be recovered.Introducción. La recolección de información completa y efectiva de los casos de paludismo es fundamental para elaborar planes operativos, así como para el desarrollo y la aplicación de las políticas de prevención y control. Sin embargo, no todos los casos identificados son notificados y no todos son incorporados en el sistema de información. El subregistro representa un problema para quienes toman las decisiones.Objetivo. Estimar el tipo y la cantidad de errores cometidos al llenar la ficha de notificación de los casos de paludismo y su nivel de digitación, mediante el uso y seguimiento de la ficha de notificación en diez municipios nariñenses durante 2009.Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, transversal en muestra no probabilística, de conveniencia, de los puestos de diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se obtuvieron copias de la fichas y de la base de datos de la notificación del sistema de vigilancia y se compararon caso a caso. Se calcularon las proporciones.Resultados. De 2.816 fichas de notificación de casos positivos, se evidenció que en más de 60 % de los casos no se reportó la información de las variables municipio de residencia, municipio de origen y código de ocupación. En la comparación caso a caso se encontró que 845 (30,0 %) fichas no habían sido digitadas. La información de variables como el nombre del municipio de residencia y la fecha del inicio de síntomas, no fue completa ni exacta en más de 50 % de los casos.Conclusiones. El empleo de las fichas de notificación con copia permite conocer el subregistro de la notificación debida a la falta de digitación. Una tercera parte de los casos pueden ser recuperados

Use of heat treated sorghum flour as an alternative in the substitution of wheat flour in bread-making

[ES] El tratamiento térmico en harinas es un proceso que se ha venido utilizando para generar modificaciones en sus componentes principales, como lo son las proteínas y almidón. Estos cambios pueden ser la desnaturalización de proteínas y gelatinización del almidón que pueden afectar las propiedades funcionales de las harinas, por lo anterior, se llevó a cabo la sustitución de harina de trigo (HT) con harina de sorgo (HS) en los porcentajes de 10, 20 o 30 % (peso-peso), para determinar el efecto de esta sustitución en las propiedades reológicas, texturales y de panificación. Además, la HS se sometió a tratamientos térmicos de 100 o 130 °C por 30 min, la cual fue utilizada en los mismos niveles de sustitución para determinar la incidencia de estos tratamientos térmicos en su capacidad panificadora y sus efectos reológicos. Los resultados mostraron cambios importantes en el volumen específico del pan, aunque no se observaron diferencias significativas cuando la sustitución fue del 10 % con harina tratada a 100 o 130 °C (4.66 y 4.57 cm3 /g) con respecto a HT (4.53 cm3 /g), sin embargo, si se observaron diferencias con respecto a los panes obtenidos cuando se utilizó HS sin tratar térmicamente. El perfil de textura no mostró diferencias significativas en la firmeza del pan cuando fue obtenido de HT (9.92 N), con respecto al elaborado de la sustitución del 10 % de HT con HS tratada térmicamente a 100 o 130 °C (12.75 y 11.97 N), respectivamente. Sin embargo, al incrementar el porcentaje de sustitución de HT a 30 % (35.01 N) con HS sin tratar térmicamente, este parámetro aumentó considerablemente con respecto a este mismo nivel de sustitución al obtenido de HS tratada a 100 o 130 °C (28.17 y 30.29 N)[EN] Heat treatment in flours is a process that has been used to generate changes in their main components, such as proteins and starch. ¿ese changes may be protein denaturation and starch gelatinization that may affect the functional properties of the flours, therefore, the substitution of wheat flour (HT) with sorghum flour (HS) in the percentages of 10, 20 or 30 % (weightweight) was carried out to determine the effect of this substitution on the rheological and textural properties, and bread-making. In addition, the HS was subjected to heat treatments of 100 or 130 °C for 30 min, which was used at the same substitution levels to determine the incidence of these thermal treatments on their bread-making capacity and their rheological effects. ¿e results showed important changes in the specific volume of the bread, although no significant differences were observed when the substitution was 10 % with flour treated at 100 or 130 °C (4.66 and 4.57 cm3 /g) with respect to HT (4.53 cm3 /g), however, the loaves prepared with HS without heat treatment showed differences. ¿e texture profile showed no significant differences in the firmness of the breads obtained from HT (9.92 N) and those substituted with 10% thermally treated HS at 100 or 130 °C (12.75 and 11.97 N). However, when increasing the percentage of substitution to 30 % of HT (35.01 N) with HS without heat treatment, this parameter increased considerably with respect to the same level of substitution with HS treated at 100 or 130 °C (28.17 and 30.29 N)Vasquez-Lara, F.; Soto Padilla, D.; Cordero Fernández, DL.; Granados Nevárez, MDC.; Islas Rubio, AR.; Verdú Amat, S.; Grau Meló, R.... (2018). Utilización de harina de sorgo tratada térmicamente como una alternativa en la sustitución de harina de trigo en panificación. Revista iberoamericana de tecnología postcosecha. 19(2):267-280. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/124224S26728019

Sistema de distribución con penetración eólica

This article presents the results of the analysis of the studies of the operation of a modified IEEE-13 distribution feeder, which was built to scale in the laboratory at Universidad del Norte. In this article, we show the cases of the operating regimes of the modified IEEE-13, before the different levels of wind energy penetration. The modified IEEE-13 distribution feeder was built taking into account that each of the scaled modules and their generator-load will work under the conditions of the Universidad del Norte laboratory. An experimental methodology was used to compare the results obtained in the actual scaled model with the results of the simulations in specialized programs. The conclusions of the article show the wind energy that can be injected into an electrical system with conventional power generation so that it can maintain its operation complying with the current regulatory framework.      En este artículo se presentan los resultados del análisis de los estudios de la operación de un alimentador de distribución IEEE-13 modificado, que fue construido a escala en el laboratorio en la Universidad del Norte. En este artículo, se muestran los casos de los regímenes de operación del IEEE-13 modificado, ante los diferentes niveles de penetración de energía eólica. Este alimentador de distribución IEEE-13 modificado se construyó teniendo en cuenta que cada uno de los módulos escalados y su generador-carga funcionarán en las condiciones particulares del laboratorio de la Universidad del Norte. Se utilizó una metodología experimental que, para la comparación de los resultados obtenidos en el modelo real escalado, con los resultados de las simulaciones en programas especializados. Se pudo definir la cantidad de energía eólica que se puede inyectar a un sistema eléctrico con generación de energía convencional, de modo que pueda mantener su funcionamiento, no sólo respetando las condiciones técnicas, sino también bajo el estricto cumplimiento de un marco regulatorio

5to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

El V Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2019, realizado del 6 al 8 de febrero de 2019 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, ofreció a la comunidad académica nacional e internacional una plataforma de comunicación unificada, dirigida a cubrir los problemas teóricos y prácticos de mayor impacto en la sociedad moderna desde la ingeniería. En esta edición, dedicada a los 25 años de vida de la UPS, los ejes temáticos estuvieron relacionados con la aplicación de la ciencia, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación en cinco pilares fundamentales de nuestra sociedad: la industria, la movilidad, la sostenibilidad ambiental, la información y las telecomunicaciones. El comité científico estuvo conformado formado por 48 investigadores procedentes de diez países: España, Reino Unido, Italia, Bélgica, México, Venezuela, Colombia, Brasil, Estados Unidos y Ecuador. Fueron recibidas un centenar de contribuciones, de las cuales 39 fueron aprobadas en forma de ponencias y 15 en formato poster. Estas contribuciones fueron presentadas de forma oral ante toda la comunidad académica que se dio cita en el Congreso, quienes desde el aula magna, el auditorio y la sala de usos múltiples de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, cumplieron respetuosamente la responsabilidad de representar a toda la sociedad en la revisión, aceptación y validación del conocimiento nuevo que fue presentado en cada exposición por los investigadores. Paralelo a las sesiones técnicas, el Congreso contó con espacios de presentación de posters científicos y cinco workshops en temáticas de vanguardia que cautivaron la atención de nuestros docentes y estudiantes. También en el marco del evento se impartieron un total de ocho conferencias magistrales en temas tan actuales como la gestión del conocimiento en la universidad-ecosistema, los retos y oportunidades de la industria 4.0, los avances de la investigación básica y aplicada en mecatrónica para el estudio de robots de nueva generación, la optimización en ingeniería con técnicas multi-objetivo, el desarrollo de las redes avanzadas en Latinoamérica y los mundos, la contaminación del aire debido al tránsito vehicular, el radón y los riesgos que representa este gas radiactivo para la salud humana, entre otros

Cabbage and fermented vegetables : From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT(1)R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT(1)R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.Peer reviewe

Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19 : time for research to develop adaptation strategies

There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPAR gamma:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NF kappa B: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2 alpha:Elongation initiation factor 2 alpha). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT(1)R axis (AT(1)R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

A identidade maya-poqomchi’ guatemalteca em suas manifestações espirituais e religiosas

Guatemala es un país caracterizado por una diversidad cultural considerable. Entre los más de veinte grupos mayas que pueblan su geografía, los poqomchi´es que habitan en Alta y Baja Verapaz han mantenido gran parte de su idiosincrasia particular, heredada de los antiguos mayas. El principal objeto de este artículo es analizar los aspectos más destacados de la espiritualidad y religiosidad poqomchi´, como herencia del pueblo maya del que proceden y producto tanto de la interacción con otros colectivos mayas cercanos como del sincretismo como respuesta de supervivencia. Para ello, nos basaremos en la observación sistemática y participante y la entrevista, para llegar a la conclusión de cómo aún en la actualidad los principales rasgos de la espiritualidad poqomchi´ continúan vigentes, no exentos de la influencia de los pueblos con los que comparte espacio.Guatemala is a country of considerable cultural diversity. Among the more than twenty Mayan groups that populate its territory, the Poqomchi´ who inhabit Alta and Baja Verapaz have preserved a great deal of their particular idiosyncrasy inherited from the ancient Maya. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the most important aspects of Poqomchi´ spirituality and religiosity as the legacy of the ancient Maya from whom they descend, as well as a product both of their constant interaction with other Mayan groups and syncretism as a survival mechanism. For this purpose, it is based on systematic participant observation and interviews which have led to conclude that the main features of Poqomchi´ spirituality remain alive even today, although not free from the influence of the peoples with whom they share space.A Guatemala é um país caracterizado por uma diversidade cultural considerável. Entre os mais de 20 grupos maias que povoam sua geografia, os poqomchi’es que habitam na Alta e Baixa Verapaz têm mantido grande parte de sua idiossincrasia, herdada dos antigos maias. O principal objetivo deste artigo é analisar os aspectos mais destacados da espiritualidade e religiosidade poqomchi’, como herança do povo maia do qual procedem e produto tanto da interação com outros grupos maias próximos quanto do sincretismo como resposta de sobrevivência. Para isso, tomaremos como base a observação sistemática e participante e a entrevista para chegar à conclusão de como ainda na atualidade os principais traços da espiritualidade poqomchi’ continuam vigentes, não isentos da influência dos povos com os quais compartilham espaço.Este artículo es el resultado de las investigaciones etnográficas llevadas a cabo por el investigador dentro del grupo HUM 556 (Universidad de Huelva, España), Mundialización e Identidad, y forma parte de una investigación sobre la esencia identitaria, los procesos de preservación cultural y transculturación de los pueblos mayas de Guatemala