Grey wolf genomic history reveals a dual ancestry of dogs

The grey wolf (Canis lupus) was the first species to give rise to a domestic population, and they remained widespread throughout the last Ice Age when many other large mammal species went extinct. Little is known, however, about the history and possible extinction of past wolf populations or when and where the wolf progenitors of the present-day dog lineage (Canisfamiliaris) lived(1-8). Here we analysed 72 ancient wolf genomes spanning the last 100,000 years from Europe, Siberia and North America. We found that wolf populations were highly connected throughout the Late Pleistocene, with levels of differentiation an order of magnitude lower than they are today. This population connectivity allowed us to detect natural selection across the time series, including rapid fixation of mutations in the gene IFT8840,000-30,000 years ago. We show that dogs are overall more closely related to ancient wolves from eastern Eurasia than to those from western Eurasia, suggesting a domestication process in the east. However, we also found that dogs in the Near East and Africa derive up to half of their ancestry from a distinct population related to modern southwest Eurasian wolves, reflecting either an independent domestication process or admixture from local wolves. None of the analysed ancient wolf genomes is a direct match for either of these dog ancestries, meaning that the exact progenitor populations remain to be located.Peer reviewe

Ohio History 2007

https://kent-islandora.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/node/10117/OH-v114-thumb_0.jpgOHIO HISTORY Contents for Volume 114, 2007 From the Publisher ...... 3 From the Editor ...... 4 Contributors ...... 6 &nbsp; The Cincinnati Football Reds: A Franchise in Failure Carl Becker&nbsp;...... 7 A Republic of Farm People: Women, Families, and Market-Minded Agrarianism in Ohio, 1820s–1830s Ginette Aley&nbsp;...... 28 “Send Sisters, Send Polish Sisters”: Americanizing Catholic Immigrant Children in the Early Twentieth Century Sarah E. Miller&nbsp;...... 46 The Connecticut Genesis of the Western Reserve, 1630–1796 Robert A. Wheeler ...... 57 The Political Economy of Nullifification: Ohio and the Bank of the United States, 1818–1824 Kevin M. Gannon ...... 79 Explaining John Sherman: Leader of the Second American Revolution Marc Egnal ...... 105 State Policies and the Public Response to Institutionalization: Caring for the Insane in Late-Nineteenth-Century Ohio Deborah Marinski ...... 118 The Trial and Deposal of Bishop William Montgomery Brown, 1921–1925 Ron Carden ...... 132 &nbsp; Book Reviews ...... 151 </ul

Grey wolf genomic history reveals a dual ancestry of dogs.

The grey wolf (Canis lupus) was the first species to give rise to a domestic population, and they&nbsp;remained widespread throughout the last Ice Age when many other large mammal species went extinct. Little is known, however, about the history and possible extinction of past wolf populations or when and where the wolf progenitors of the present-day dog lineage (Canis familiaris) lived1-8. Here we analysed 72 ancient wolf genomes spanning the last 100,000 years from Europe, Siberia and North America. We found that wolf populations were highly connected throughout the Late Pleistocene, with levels of differentiation an order of magnitude lower than they are today. This population connectivity allowed us to detect natural selection across the time series, including rapid fixation of mutations in the gene IFT88 40,000-30,000 years ago. We show that dogs are overall more closely related to ancient wolves from eastern Eurasia than to those from western Eurasia, suggesting a domestication process in the east. However, we also found that dogs in the Near East and Africa derive up to half of their ancestry from a distinct population related to modern southwest Eurasian wolves, reflecting either an independent domestication process or admixture from local wolves. None of the analysed ancient wolf genomes is a direct match for either of these dog ancestries, meaning that the exact progenitor populations remain to be located