Situational Awareness based Risk-Adapatable Access Control in Enterprise Networks

As the computing landscape evolves towards distributed architectures such as Internet of Things (IoT),enterprises are moving away from traditional perimeter based security models toward so called zero trust networking (ZTN) models that treat both the intranet and Internet as equally untrustworthy. Such security models incorporate risk arising from dynamic and situational factors, such as device location and security risk level risk, into the access control decision. Researchers have developed a number of risk models such as RAdAC (Risk Adaptable Access Control) to handle dynamic contexts and these have been applied to medical and other scenarios. In this position paper we describe our ongoing work to apply RAdAC to ZTN. We develop a policy management framework, FURZE, to facilitate fuzzy risk evaluation that also defines how to adapt to dynamically changing contexts. We also consider how enterprise security situational awareness (SSA) - which describes the potential impact to an organisations mission based on the current threats and the relative importance of the information asset under threat - can be incorporated into a RAdAC schemeComment: 6 page

Unravelling the Photocatalytic Behavior of All-Inorganic Mixed Halide Perovskites: The Role of Surface Chemical States

Within the most mesmerizing materials in the world of optoelectronics, mixed halide perovskites (MHPs) have been distinguished because of the tunability of their optoelectronic properties, balancing both the light-harvesting efficiency and the charge extraction into highly efficient solar devices. This feature has drawn the attention of analogous hot topics as photocatalysis for carrying out more efficiently the degradation of organic compounds. However, the photo-oxidation ability of perovskite depends not only on its excellent light-harvesting properties but also on the surface chemical environment provided during its synthesis. Accordingly, we studied the role of surface chemical states of MHP-based nanocrystals (NCs) synthesized by hot-injection (H-I) and anion-exchange (A-E) approaches on their photocatalytic (PC) activity for the oxidation of β-naphthol as a model system. We concluded that iodide vacancies are the main surface chemical states that facilitate the formation of superoxide ions, O2●–, which are responsible for the PC activity in A-E-MHP. Conversely, the PC performance of H-I-MHP is related to the appropriate balance between band gap and a highly oxidizing valence band. This work offers new insights on the surface properties of MHP related to their catalytic activity in photochemical applications

Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

BACKGROUND: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. METHODS: We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0·5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. FINDINGS: Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86·9 years (95% UI 86·7-87·2), and for men in Singapore, at 81·3 years (78·8-83·7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, an

Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015 : a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r= 0.88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r= 0.83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r= 0.77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Findings Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28.6 to 94.6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40.7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39.0-42.8) in 1990 to 53.7 (52.2-55.4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21.2 in 1990 to 20.1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73.8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. Interpretation This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-systemcharacteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Povrchové složení směsného CsMAFAPbBrI trikationtového halidového perovskitu pomocí XPS

Perovskite-based materials have been considered as the most promising materials in several solar-driven processes, especially photovoltaics. Some features such as high sunlight harvesting and improved carrier transport have been highlighted to have an impact on the efficiency of the above topics, but limited studies have pointed out their surface composition, which mainly influence the above abilities. As a starting point to recognize the surface environment and chemical states of these materials, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were performed. Trication-mixed halide perovskite films based on Cs(0.08)MA(0.18)FA(0.78)PbBr(0.42)I(2.58)were prepared by a one step process and deposited on an indium tin oxide substrate by spin-coating. Survey spectra, Pb 4f, I 3d, Br 3d, Cs 3d, C 1s, N 1s, Pb 4d, and Pb 5d core levels, and valence band spectra were measured for the semiconductor sample. Results exhibit symmetrical peaks, indicating that a homogenous solid solution was achieved. Main chemical states of this kind of perovskites such as Cs-Br and Pb-I species are also shown. We deduced that the later signals are associated with the [PbI6](4-)octahedra existing in the perovskite lattice, while the former one is related to Cs(+)bounded to [PbBr6](4-)units on the perovskite surface. Interestingly, the NR(4)(+)signal was also identified, associated with the presence of methylammonium and formamidinium cations.Perovskitové materiály jsou považovány za jedny z nejslibnějších materiálů pro světlem řízení procesy, zejména pro fotovoltaiku. Některé jejich vlasnosti, jako např. Vysoký sorpční koeficient a dobrý přenos náboje jsou klíčové pro jejich fungování v těchto aplikacích. Povrchové vlastnosti perovskitů nebyly doposud tak studovány, ačkoliv ovlivňují značně jejich vlastnosti. Pro analýzu povrchů a chemických stavů těchto materiálu byla využita rentgenová fotoelektronová spektroskopie (XPS). Směsný perovskit Cs(0.08)MA(0.18)FA(0.78)PbBr(0.42)I(2.58) byl připraven jednoduchou syntézou a deponován na substrát z oxidu inditého pomocí spin-coatingu. V přehledovém spektru byly měřeny struktury jader Pb 4f, I 3d, Br 3d, Cs 3d, C 1s, N 1s, Pb 4d a Pb 5d a také spektra valenčních pásů. Výsledky ve formě symetrických píků potvrdili homogenní složení materiálu. Hlavní chemické stavy těchto materialů, jakl např. Cs-Br a Pb-I jsou v práci demonstrovány. Pro Cs-Br bylo vydedukovánom že signál je asociován s [PbI6](4-)octahedrem v perovskitové structure, zatímco pro Pb-I bylo zjištěno napojení Cs+ na jednotky [PbBr6](4-) na povrchu perovskitu. Byl detekován také NR(4)(+) signál, který byl odůvodněn přítomnosti metylamoniových a formadiniových kationtů

ESTUDIO DE PERTINENCIA PARA EL DESARROLLO DE HABILIDADES EMPRESARIALES EN MERCADOTECNIA

La presente investigación se enfoca en identificar las habilidades empresariales en el área de Mercadotecnia, en el contexto de la sociedad ecuatoriana, teniendo en cuenta las diferentes investigaciones bibliográficas y de campo tomando en cuenta la opinión de profesionales, empresarios. A su vez, el análisis estadístico justifica la demanda y pertinencia de la investigación en la Zona 3 – Centro. Se generan directrices que orientan la formación y desarrollo de habilidades empresariales en el área de Mercadotecnia, con nuevos enfoques basados en la realidad social, cultural, económica y empresarial. El informe parte de una metodología que define la encuesta como el instrumento de recolección de datos más óptimo para esta investigación, donde se identifica la población y delimita la muestra siendo estos empresarios y profesionales de las provincias de Tungurahua, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi y Pastaza. Se procesa la información recopilada en una base de datos y en lo posterior se procede a analizar la información con el programa Statistical Package for Social Sciencies (SPSS) lo que permitiera diagnosticar las necesidades profesionales, establecer e identificar las habilidades empresariales actuales en marketing para un desenvolvimiento eficaz dentro de las empresas de las diferentes ciudadesThe present research focuses on identifying business skills in the area of Marketing, in the context of Ecuadorian society, taking into account the different bibliographical and field research taking into account the opinion of professionals, entrepreneurs. In turn, the statistical analysis justifies the demand and relevance of the research in Zone 3 - Center. Guidelines are generated that guide the training and development of business skills in the area of Marketing, with new approaches based on social, cultural, economic and business reality. The report is based on a methodology that defines the survey as the most optimal data collection instrument for this research, where the population is identified and delimits the sample being these entrepreneurs and professionals from the provinces of Tungurahua, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi and Pastaza. The information gathered in a database is processed and later the information is analyzed with the program Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) which allows to diagnose the professional needs, establish and identify the current business skills in marketing for a effective development within the companies of the different cities

Medición del clima laboral caso: Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito de la ciudad de Ambato.

La investigación se realizó con la finalidad de diagnosticar las falencias que afectan el clima laboral en la Cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito San Francisco Limitada, el propósito fue brindar a la institución financiera un análisis sobre el clima laboral, que le permita realizar las actividades en todas sus áreas de forma eficiente y eficaz, encaminadas al cumplimiento de sus metas organizacionales. La investigación cuenta con la participación de todos los colaboradores de la Cooperativa, a quienes se aplicó una encuesta estructurada, utilizando el instrumento desarrollado por Koys & Decottis en cuanto a clima laboral y el desarrollado por Meliá & Peiró sobre la satisfacción laboral, el instrumento de medición fue validado mediante la prueba Alfa de Cronbach con un índice de 0,71, lo que demuestra que el instrumento tiene la fiabilidad necesaria. Los datos obtenidos fueron tabulados estadísticamente, analizados y se determinaron los grupos con debilidades para recomendar un plan de acción. El índice de clima laboral obtenido fue 67%, que sirvió de base para proponer un plan de mejora de que permitirá optimizar el ambiente de trabajo de la organización.This study was carried out with the aim of diagnosing the shortcomings that affect the work climate at San Francisco Savings and Loans Union Limited. The purpose was to provide the financial institution with a work climate improvement plan that allows its employees to do their tasks efficiently and effectively, focusing on the achievement of institutional goals. All of the employees of the union participated in the study by responding a structured survey, using the tool developed by Koys and Decottis on work climate and another survey developed by Meliá and Pieró on work satisfaction. The measuring tool was validated the by Cronbach’s Alpha Test with an index of 0,71, which demonstrates that the instrument has the necessary reliability. The obtained data was statistically tabulated, analyzed, and the groups with weaknesses were determined in order to recommend an action plan. The work climate index that was obtained was 67%, which serves as a basis to propose a work climate improvement plan that will make it possible to improve the work environment in the company