CRM y CRM social, su alcance

El presente trabajo fin de grado muestra, a través de diferentes análisis, la gran ventaja competitiva que pueden conseguir las empresas al implementar un CRM dentro de un ERP. El estudio se compone de tres segmentos principales: en el primero de ellos trataremos sobre los objetivos generales del TFG y el marco teórico. En el segundo veremos la evolución de las relaciones con los clientes en los últimos treinta años, junto a la historia y origen del C.R.M. Finalmente, en el tercer segmento, realizaremos un análisis genérico sobre los distintos software que existen en el mercado, además de una encuesta sobre su uso, acompañada de un estudio sobre los problemas que puede acarrear su implantación, y un ejemplo práctico en Excel con hipervínculos, como alternativa a los software que hay en el mercado.This final degree project shows, through different analyses, the great competitive advantage that companies can achieve when implementing a CRM within an ERP. The study consists of three main segments: in the first of them we will deal with the general objectives of the TFG and the theoretical framework. In the second we will see the evolution of customer relationships in the last thirty years, along with the history and origin of the C.R.M. Finally, in the third segment, we will carry out a generic analysis of the different softwares that exist in the market, as well as a survey on its use accompanied by a study on the problems that its implementation can entail and a practical example in Excel with hyperlinks, as an alternative to the softwares that are on the market.Grado en Comerci

Application of biostimulant products and biological control agents in sustainable viticulture: A review

Current and continuing climate change in the Anthropocene epoch requires sustainable agricultural practices. Additionally, due to changing consumer preferences, organic approaches to cultivation are gaining popularity. The global market for organic grapes, grape products, and wine is growing. Biostimulant and biocontrol products are often applied in organic vineyards and can reduce the synthetic fertilizer, pesticide, and fungicide requirements of a vineyard. Plant growth promotion following application is also observed under a variety of challenging conditions associated with global warming. This paper reviews different groups of biostimulants and their effects on viticulture, including microorganisms, protein hydrolysates, humic acids, pyrogenic materials, and seaweed extracts. Of special interest are biostimulants with utility in protecting plants against the effects of climate change, including drought and heat stress. While many beneficial effects have been reported following the application of these materials, most studies lack a mechanistic explanation, and important parameters are often undefined (e.g., soil characteristics and nutrient availability). We recommend an increased study of the underlying mechanisms of these products to enable the selection of proper biostimulants, application methods, and dosage in viticulture. A detailed understanding of processes dictating beneficial effects in vineyards following application may allow for biostimulants with increased efficacy, uptake, and sustainability.KJ wishes to acknowledge financial support (3710473400); MS-M thanks to RTI2018-099417-B-I00 (Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities cofunded with EU FEDER funds); JB wish to acknowledge the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/Brasil (CNPQ process number 309477/2021-2); RO-H is supported by the Ramón y Cajal program from the MICINN (RYC-2017 22032), PAIDI 2020 (Ref. 20_00323), AEI GGOO 2020 (GOPC-CA-20-0001), “José Castillejo” program from the “Ministerio de Universidades” (CAS21/00125) and PID2019-106004RA-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. SM and GT thanks to Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (grant PID2020-114330GB-100). PAIDI2020 from Junta de Andalucía, grant P18-RT-1401 to SM, MD, and GT is also acknowledged. GT acknowledge the support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI)

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

El marxismo en Colombia

Con motivo del centenario de la muerte de Carlos Marx, y gracias a la iniciativa de la Fundación Ebert, varios países del mundo -entre ellos Colombia tuvieron la oportunidad de apreciar una magnífica muestra de los materiales que sobre la vida y obra del pensador alemán reposan en la Casa Museo de Tréveris. La efeméride sirvió de estímulo a numerosos debates sobre el impacto del marxismo en el mundo contemporáneo. Sin desconocer la importancia de estos debates, decidimos darle una dimensión más concreta al análisis: convocamos a un distinguido grupo de investigadores para que desde diversas disciplinas y diferentes enfoques políticos nos transmitieran sus reflexiones sobre la trayectoria del marxismo en Colombia. No se pensó desde el primer momento en la publicación de un libro, pero dado el éxito del ciclo de conferencias, consideramos útil recoger los materiales de las mismas en el presente volumen para que un público más amplio pudiera tener acceso a su contenido, y contribuir, de esta manera, al debate sobre la influencia teórica y política del Marxismo en Colombia. Se trata, ciertamente, de un primer acercamiento al estudio de una temática que presenta una profunda significación para la historia contemporánea del país. Es indudable que en la configuración de esta historia ha tenido presencia la influencia del Marxismo, la cual se ha reflejado en los campos del conflicto social, de la acción política, de la ideología y de los estudios sobre la realidad nacional. En efecto, el país comenzó a recibir esta influencia en los primeros decenios del presente siglo, cuando confluyeron una serie de condiciones internas y externas: en lo interno, se trataba del proceso de modernización capitalista que generaba una nueva problemática, económica y social, y nuevas clases populares entraban en escena buscando una expresión política propia; en lo externo, el Marxismo recibía un gran impulso mundial, motivado especialmente por el triunfo de la Revolución Rusa, y de esta manera tocaba la sensibilidad de las clases populares de país. Esta primera influencia difusa, contribuye de algún modo a la lucha de los trabajadores, a sus organizaciones gremiales y políticas (Partido Socialista 1919, Partido Socialista Revolucionario 1926) y a la organización de los primeros círculos de estudio del Marxismo (LUIS TEJADA, JOSE MAR, LUIS VIDALES, GABRIEL TURBA Y, TORRES GIRALDO y OTROS). Esta primera fase de la influencia del Marxismo, vinculada a la acción política y a la actividad periodística concluye en 1930 con la fundación del Partido Comunista. A partir de los años treinta se abre una segunda fase, que dura hasta fines de los años cuarenta, caracterizada no solo por una práctica política inspirada en el Marxismo (PC) sino también por una influencia ideológica que llega inclusive a la izquierda liberal y otros movimientos (UNIR, PAN) y, así mismo, por los primeros intentos de investigar y estudiar el país con base en categorías marxistas (NIETO ARTETA, HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, RAFAEL BAQUERO Y OTROS). La irrupción de la Violencia, con el enrarecimiento del ambiente político, marca una tercera fase, en la cual la actividad intelectual que se había iniciado en el periodo anterior decae notablemente. Esta actividad se reanima a fines de los años 50 y se acentúa en los decenios subsiguientes, hasta el presente, dando lugar a una cuarta fase caracterizad4, entre otros aspectos, por los siguientes: En lo político, se produce una diversificación con la aparición, al lado del PC, de otras agrupaciones políticas; en lo intelectual, el Marxismo adquiere una amplia audiencia en las Universidades y círculos de intelectuales, lo cual se concreta en el surgimiento de una importante investigación sobre la realidad nacional. Todo ello va acompañado de un ostensible cambio en el espacio teórico: surgen nuevas tendencias que se contraponen de modo especial al Marxismo dogmático, de corte estalinista, y reclaman un retorno a los clásicos en busca de nuevas perspectivas teóricas que enriquezcan la investigación y la acción política. La heterogeneidad política y teórica que experimenta el Marxismo en forma creciente y critica durante esta fase en nuestro país, no solo está asociada a complejas condiciones internas, sino también a la influencia de su trayectoria mundial: en éste orden, procesos como el de la desestabilización, la división del campo socialista, las diversas tendencias políticas y teóricas del marxismo occidental, la Revolución Cubana, etc., han tenido su eco en el país, tanto en el sentido de ampliar su influencia como en el de estimular su controversia. Los trabajos que aquí publicamos probablemente contribuirán de modo notable a este importante debate

Effects of UV-C Irradiation and Thermal Processing on the Microbial and Physicochemical Properties of Agave tequilana Weber var. azul Extracts at Various pH Values

The effects of UV-C irradiation (at doses of 8.16, 10.93, 16.17, and 33.29 mJ/cm2) on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of Agave tequilana Weber extracts at various pH values (4.5, 5.5, and 6.5) were evaluated. Thermal treatment (TT) was used as a control (85 °C for 30 s). Both processed (UV-C or TT) and unprocessed (UP) extracts were investigated. The UV-C dose and the pH significantly (p < 0.05) affected the inactivation of total coliforms (TC), total aerobic mesophiles (TAM), and yeasts and molds (YM). UV-C doses of 10.93 mJ/cm2 at pH 4.5 and 33.29 mJ/cm2 at any agave extract pH completely inactivated the native microbial load compared to TT. The total polyphenols (TP), antioxidant activity (AA), and sugar content did not change in the agave extracts at any dose, but the total flavonoid (TF) content decreased at doses > 16.17 mJ/cm2 at the evaluated pH values. Although the color of the agave extracts (L*, a*, and b*) was significantly affected, the total color difference (∆E) did not change after processing compared to the ∆E in the UP extracts. TT further reduced all the physicochemical properties of the agave extracts compared to UV-C processing. The results suggest that UV-C continuous flow technology can be used to stabilize agave extracts at doses of 10.93 mJ/cm2 and pH 4.5, while preserving their functional properties

Evaluation of Antarctic Ozone Profiles derived from OMPS-LP by using Balloon-borne Ozonesondes

International audiencePredicting radiative forcing due to Antarctic stratospheric ozone recovery requires detecting changes in the ozone vertical distribution. In this endeavor, the Limb Profiler of the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS-LP), aboard the Suomi NPP satellite, has played a key role providing ozone profiles over Antarctica since 2011. Here, we compare ozone profiles derived from OMPS-LP data (version 2.5 algorithm) with balloon-borne ozonesondes launched from 8 Antarctic stations over the period 2012–2020. Comparisons focus on the layer from 12.5 to 27.5 km and include ozone profiles retrieved during the Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) event registered in Spring 2019. We found that, over the period December-January–February-March, the root mean square error (RMSE) tends to be larger (about 20%) in the lower stratosphere (12.5–17.5 km) and smaller (about 10%) within higher layers (17.5–27.5 km). During the ozone hole season (September–October–November), RMSE values rise up to 40% within the layer from 12.5 to 22 km. Nevertheless, relative to balloon-borne measurements, the mean bias error of OMPS-derived Antarctic ozone profiles is generally lower than 0.3 ppmv, regardless of the season

Application of biostimulant products and biological control agents in sustainable viticulture : A review

Current and continuing climate change in the Anthropocene epoch requires sustainable agricultural practices. Additionally, due to changing consumer preferences, organic approaches to cultivation are gaining popularity. The global market for organic grapes, grape products, and wine is growing. Biostimulant and biocontrol products are often applied in organic vineyards and can reduce the synthetic fertilizer, pesticide, and fungicide requirements of a vineyard. Plant growth promotion following application is also observed under a variety of challenging conditions associated with global warming. This paper reviews different groups of biostimulants and their effects on viticulture, including microorganisms, protein hydrolysates, humic acids, pyrogenic materials, and seaweed extracts. Of special interest are biostimulants with utility in protecting plants against the effects of climate change, including drought and heat stress. While many beneficial effects have been reported following the application of these materials, most studies lack a mechanistic explanation, and important parameters are often undefined (e.g., soil characteristics and nutrient availability). We recommend an increased study of the underlying mechanisms of these products to enable the selection of proper biostimulants, application methods, and dosage in viticulture. A detailed understanding of processes dictating beneficial effects in vineyards following application may allow for biostimulants with increased efficacy, uptake, and sustainability

Biodiversidad en la cuenca alta del Putumayo, Perú

La cuenca del Putumayo es una de las más importantes en la Amazonía peruana no sólo por albergar una extraordinaria biodiversidad de flora y fauna silvestre sino también por tener una excepcional riqueza étnica y cultural. Los inventarios de flora y fauna son de gran relevancia porque ayudan a comprender con mayor profundidad los patrones de distribución y diversidad en nuestra Amazonía, así como los lugares con mayor potencial de implementar actividades de aprovechamiento sostenible con fines comerciales. Todo este escenario motivó al Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP) y al Proyecto Especial de Desarrollo Integral de la Cuenca del Putumayo (PEDICP) para realizar el estudio de la diversidad de la flora y fauna silvestre en los diferentes tipos de bosques de este alejado lugar en la Amazonía Peruana. El estudio se realizó en dos comunidades secoyas y una kichwa. Las comunidades secoyas fueron Mashunta y Santa Rita, quienes se encuentran en el río Angusilla y Yubineto respectivamente. La comunidad kichwa de Nueva Jerusalén se encuentran en el río Putumayo. Las tres comunidades se encuentran en el distrito de Teniente Manuel Clavero, Provincia del Putumayo y Departamento de Loreto. Se encontraron ocho tipos de vegetación: colina baja, terraza alta, terraza baja, varillal pantanoso, aguajal denso, aguajal mixto, vegetación ribereña e intervenida. El bosque de colina baja y terraza alta tuvieron mayor superficie. Se registraron 653 especies de plantas y las más abundantes fueron: Oxandra euneura, Mauritia flexuosa, Euterpe precatoria, Ischnosiphon sp. 1 y Heliconia sp. 1. La principal amenaza fue la deforestación a causa de la agricultura y sobre extracción, así como la tala de aguaje y unguraui. La comunidad de anfibios y reptiles de bosque inundable y tierra firme difieren significativamente. Se amplía el rango de distribución de Amazophrynella amazonicola a 244 km al norte. En aves, se identificaron 320 especies de 53 familias; hubo similar riqueza de especies en bosque inundable y de tierra firme. Las especies más abundantes en el bosque inundable fueron: Orthopsittaca manilatus, Pionites melanocephalus , Ara ararauna y Heterocercus aurantiivertex, mientras que en tierra firme fueron: Lipaugus vociferans y Herpsilochmus dugandi. Se amplían los rangos de distribución de Crypturellus duidae, Notharchus ordii y Percnostola rufifrons hacia el norte. Se encontraron 29 especies de mamíferos y las más abundantes fueron: Saimiri macrodon, Cuniculus paca, Leontocebus nigricollis, Cebus yuracus, Tapirus terrestris y Pecari tajacu. Se registró por primera vez a Pithecia napensis y Sapajus macrocephalus en este sector. La cuenca alta del Putumayo brinda la gran oportunidad de implementar actividades de uso sostenible para lograr conservar esta enorme biodiversidad y beneficiar a los pobladores secoyas y kichwas, quienes vienen aprovechando de forma ancestral