SCINTILLATOR FOR VISUALIZATION OF X-RAYS

FIELD: x-rays.SUBSTANCE: device has crystals of lithium fluoride or sodium fluoride, which have sub-surface scintillating layer, made in form of discontinuous scintillating cells with sizes from 6 mm and above, optically separated between each other by metallic mesh with mesh sizes matching cell sizes and poisoned at depth of single microns in crystal.EFFECT: higher efficiency.2 cl.Использование: для визуализации рентгеновского излучения в томографии, микротомографии, радиографии, в системах таможенного контроля и в системах неразрушающего контроля промышленных изделий. Сущность: в сцинтилляторе кристаллы фторида лития или натрия содержат приповерхностный сцинтилляционный слой, выполненный в виде дискретных сцинтилляционных ячеек с размерами от 6 мкм и выше, оптически разделенных между собой металлической сеткой с размерами, соответствующими размерам ячеек, и расположенной на глубине единиц микрон в кристалле. Технический результат - повышение пространственного разрешения. 1 з.п. ф-лы, 1 ил

LIGHT-FIBER SCINTILLATION DETECTOR

FIELD: physics.SUBSTANCE: detector has block for registering x-ray and nuclear emissions in form of filaments assembly and photo-detector, in optical contact with each other. Filaments, included in registering block, are scintillation fiber crystals Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) of same length with diameter from 0,05 mm and greater. If x-ray or nuclear emission gets onto end portion of registering block filaments, on the latter visual picture of particles tracks or space distribution of emission is displayed with resolution, appropriate for diameter of used filaments. This image is transferred along BGO filaments to photo-detector, where actual registering of visual picture takes place.EFFECT: higher efficiency, higher thermal stability.1 dwg.Использование: для визуализации траектории и пространственного распределения высокоэнергетических частиц, и может быть использован для фундаментальных исследований и экспериментов в области физики высоких энергий на высокоэнергетических ускорительных установках, в дозиметрической практике в системах радиационного мониторинга, особо в интроскопах медицинского назначения (томография, рентгенография, сцинтиграфия), а также в рентгеновских системах неразрушающего радиационного контроля изделий автомобилестроения, кораблестроения, самолетостроения и ответственных элементов атомной и космической техники. Технический результат изобретения: повышение эффективности регистрации рентгеновского гамма- и других видов ядерного излучения, а также повышение термической устойчивости. Сущность: детектор содержит блок регистрации рентгеновского и ядерных излучений в виде сборки волокон и фотоприемное устройство, находящиеся в оптическом контакте друг с другом. Волокна, входящие в блок регистрации, представляют собой сцинтилляционные волоконные кристаллы Bi4Ge3О12 (BGO) одинаковой длины с диаметром от 0,05 мм и более. При попадании рентгеновского или ядерного излучения на торцевую часть волокон блока регистрации на последних формируется визуальная картина треков частиц или пространственного распределения излучения с разрешением, соответствующим диаметру используемых волокон. Это изображение передается по волокнам BGO в фотоприемное устройство, где и осуществляется регистрация визуальной картины. 1 ил

SCINTILLATION DETECTOR

FIELD: dosimetry of fast neutrons and gamma-radiation, possible use in stationary and portable radiation control devices, meant for finding radioactive materials. SUBSTANCE: scintillation detector contains at least one scintillation block sensor, including plastic scintillator in form of prism or cylinder for registration of fast neutrons, made with at least one hollow channel and fibrous scintillation light guide positioned in it, light-reflecting mirror, photodiode photo-detecting device and a block for electronic signal processing. EFFECT: increased efficiency of registration of gamma-radiation during simultaneous registration of fast neutrons with possible usage of multichannel photo-electronic multiplexers or compact photodiode devices as photo-registration means. 1 dwg.Предложенное изобретение относится к области дозиметрии быстрых нейтронов и гамма-излучения и может быть использовано в стационарных и переносных устройствах радиационного контроля, предназначенных для обнаружения радиоактивных материалов. Задачей данного изобретения является повышение эффективности регистрации гамма-излучения при одновременной регистрации быстрых нейтронов с возможностью использования в качестве фоторегистраторов многоканальных фотоэлектронных умножителей или компактных фотодиодных устройств. Сцинтилляционный детектор содержит по меньшей мере один датчик-сцинтиблок, включающий в себя пластиковый сцинтиллятор в форме призмы или цилиндра для регистрации быстрых нейтронов, выполненный, по крайней мере, с одним полым каналом и размещенным в нем волоконным сцинтилляционным световодом, светоотражающее зеркало, фотодиодное фотоприемное устройство и блок электронной обработки сигналов. При этом в качестве материала для пластикового сцинтиллятора использован дифенил-1,3,4-оксазол, а волоконные сцинтилляционные световоды выполнены из ортогерманата висмута (BGO). 1 ил

LIGHT FIBER-BASED SCINTILLATION DETECTOR

FIELD: scintillation detectors of gamma- and neutron radiation, possible use for fundamental research in various areas of engineering. SUBSTANCE: fiber scintillation detector contains an assembly of scintillation fibers, intended for registration of gamma-radiation (Bi₄Ge₃O12 fibers), and a photo-detection device, the former and the latter being in optical contact with each other, where the assembly of scintillation fibers additionally contains fibers for registration of thermal neutrons and fibers for registration of fast neutrons, is positioned in a unified case with internal light-deflecting cover, is made in form of scintillation cable and has shape of a ring or an arch, and the photo-detection device consists of two photo-detectors, positioned in the opposite ends of the assembly of scintillation fibers. Fibers for registration of fast neutrons may be made of hydrogen-containing plastic, and fibers for registration of heat neutrons may be made of ⁶Li-containing silicate glass, activated by Ce³⁺. A spectrum shifter may be additionally included between the photo-detectors and the assembly of scintillation fibers. EFFECT: creation of fiber-based scintillation detector, meant for simultaneous registration and detection of gamma- and neutron (fast and heat neutrons) radiations, which ensures extended flat angle of radiation registration: 2? or ?. 3 cl, 2 dwg.Предложенное изобретение относится к сцинтилляционным детекторам гамма- и нейтронного излучения и может быть использовано для фундаментальных исследований в различных областях техники. Задачей изобретения является разработка световолоконного сцинтилляционного детектора, предназначенного для одновременной регистрации и обнаружения гамма- и нейтронного (быстрые и тепловые нейтроны) излучений, обеспечивающего повышенный плоский угол регистрации излучений: 2? или ?. Световолоконный сцинтилляционный детектор содержит сборку сцинтилляционных волокон, предназначенных для регистрации гамма-излучения (волокон Bi₄Ge₃O12), и фотоприемное устройство, находящиеся в оптическом контакте друг с другом, при этом сборка сцинтилляционных волокон дополнительно содержит волокна для регистрации тепловых нейтронов и волокна для регистрации быстрых нейтронов, помещена в единую оболочку с внутренним светоотражающим покрытием, выполнена в виде сцинтилляционного кабеля и имеет форму кольца или арки, а фотоприемное устройство состоит из двух фотоприемников, расположенных в противоположных торцах сборки сцинтилляционных волокон. Волокна для регистрации быстрых нейтронов могут быть выполнены из водородсодержащего пластика, а волокна для регистрации тепловых нейтронов выполнены из ⁶Li-содержащего силикатного стекла, активированного Се³⁺. Между фотоприемниками и сборкой сцинтилляционных волокон может быть дополнительно введен сместитель спектра. 2 з.п. ф-лы, 2 ил

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Search for exotic resonances decaying into WZ/ZZ in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV

Journal of High Energy Physics 2013.2 (2013): 036 reproduced by permission of Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA)Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAMA search for new exotic particles decaying to the VZ final state is performed, where V is either a W or a Z boson decaying into two overlapping jets and the Z decays into a pair of electrons, muons or neutrinos. The analysis uses a data sample of pp collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 fb-1 collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC at √s=7 TeV in 2011. No significant excess is observed in the mass distribution of the VZ candidates compared with the background expectation from standard model processes. Model-dependent upper limits at the 95% confidence level are set on the product of the cross section times the branching fraction of hypothetical particles decaying to the VZ final state as a function of mass. Sequential standard model W′ bosons with masses between 700 and 940 GeV are excluded. In the Randall-Sundrum model for graviton resonances with a coupling parameter of 0.05, masses between 750 and 880 GeV are also exclude

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe