21 research outputs found
Utility System Optimization Under Air Quality Considerations
- Author
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 17/01/2019
- Field of study
Air pollution is a primary concern, and one of its major contributors is industry. Optimization of emissions from industrial facilities is well established in publications and reports. However, it does not extend beyond the stack or exhaust level i.e., emissions released to the atmosphere.
This work aspires to develop and test a methodology to optimize the operational scheme of a utility system considering air quality in the area around the facility by combining Process Design with Air Dispersion Modelling. The concept of this work is to investigate if atmospheric dispersion modeling can be used to improve pollution prevention/control by observing ground level concentration in the surrounding area of the unit at various operating scenarios and in different weather conditions. The methodology has been implemented in MATLAB following the coupling of a simple Gaussian dispersion model with a process model, both supplied with real meteorological and process data.
The case study used to test the methodology is a High Pressure Steam (HPS) generation unit. It consists of three identical boilers where the operational strategy is to operate two boilers, and the third is stand-by. The boilers accept two types of fuels: gas and liquid. Two separate optimization goals were studied. The first is to improve air quality in the surrounding area, i.e., minimize the ground level concentration, by changing the operating scheme of the three boilers. The second optimization goal is to reduce the operating costs by optimizing the ratio of the two fuels while keeping the resulting ground level concentration just below the regulations limit.
Finally, the methodology allowed to derive and assess the different operational strategies. The first goal improved the overall air quality and reached up to 46% reduction of the maximum concentration exceedances. The second goal proved that facilities can reduce operational costs and still be in compliance with environmental regulations. On the other hand, this cost reduction does lead to a decrease of overall air quality, since the average ground level concentration is increased. In the future, this methodology could be applied to more case studies and at the industrial city level to improve air quality and to assist on more appropriate environmental policies
Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017
- Author
- Abbasalizad-Farhangi Mahdieh
- Abbasi Masoumeh
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abdelalim Ahmed
- Abdoli Amir
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahpour Ibrahim
- Abdulkader Rizwan Suliankatchi
- Abebe Nebiyu Dereje
- Abebo Teshome Abuka
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abrigo Michael R. M.
- Abushouk Abdelrahman I.
- Accrombessi Manfred Mario Kokou
- Acharya Dilaram
- Adabi Maryam
- Adebiyi Akindele Olupelumi
- Adedeji Isaac Akinkunmi
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adema Bereket Duko
- Adeoye Abiodun Moshood
- Adetokunboh Olatunji O.
- Adham Davoud
- Aduroja Posi Emmanuel
- Advani Shailesh M.
- Afarideh Mohsen
- Afshin Ashkan
- Aghaali Mohammad
- Agrawal Anurag
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmadi Sepideh
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Rushdia
- Ajumobi Olufemi
- Akal Chalachew Genet
- Akalu Temesgen Yihunie
- Akinyemiju Tomi
- Akombi Blessing
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M.
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa M.
- Alam Samiah
- Alamene Genet Melak
- Alanzi Turki M.
- Alema Niguse Meles
- Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir
- Ali Muhammad
- Alijanzadeh Mehran
- Alinia Cyrus
- Alipour Vahid
- Alizade Hesam
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Almasi Afshin
- Almasi-Hashiani Amir
- Altirkawi Khalid
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Alvis-Zakzuk Nelson J.
- Amare Azmeraw T.
- Amegah Adeladza Kofi
- Amini Saeed
- Amiri Fatemeh
- Amit Arianna Maever Loreche
- Anber Nahla Hamed
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Ansari Fereshteh
- Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
- Anteneh Zelalem Alamrew
- Antonio Carl Abelardo T.
- Antriyandarti Ernoiz
- Anvari Davood
- Anwer Razique
- Appiah Seth Christopher Yaw
- Arab-Zozani Morteza
- Arabloo Jalal
- Araya Ephrem Mebrahtu
- Arefi Zohreh
- Aremu Olatunde
- Arnedo Carlos Alberto Marrugo
- Arzani Afsaneh
- Asadi-Aliabadi Mehran
- Asadi-Pooya Ali A.
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- Asgari Samaneh
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- Cortesi Paolo Angelo
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- Dagnew Baye
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- Das Jai K.
- Davis Weaver Nicole
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- Fernandes Eduarda
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- Flohr Carsten
- Foigt Nataliya A.
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- Gedefaw Getnet Azeze
- Geramo Yilma Chisha Dea
- Gesesew Hailay Abrha
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- Getenet Agegnehu Bante
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- Safarpour Hamid
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- Sahebkar Amirhossein
- Sahraian Mohammad Ali
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- Sarker Abdur Razzaque
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- Senbeta Anbissa Muleta
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- Shafaat Omid
- Shahabi Saeed
- Shaikh Masood Ali
- Shalash Ali S.
- Shams-Beyranvand Mehran
- Shamshirian Amir
- Shamsizadeh Morteza
- Shannawaz Mohammed
- Sharafi Kiomars
- Sharif Mehdi
- Sharma Rajesh
- Shehata Hatem Samir
- Sheikhtaheri Abbas
- Shibuya Kenji
- Shiferaw Wondimeneh Shibabaw
- Shigematsu Mika
- Shin Jae Il
- Shiri Rahman
- Shirkoohi Reza
- Shiue Ivy
- Shuval Kerem
- Siabani Soraya
- Siddiqi Tariq J.
- Sigfusdottir Inga Dora
- Silva Diego Augusto Santos
- Simonetti Biagio
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- Singh Virendra
- Sinha Dhirendra Narain
- Sintayehu Yitagesu
- Sisay Malede Mequanent M.
- Soheili Amin
- Soleymani Bija
- Soltani Farzaneh
- Soltani Shahin
- Soriano Joan B.
- Sorrie Muluken Bekele
- Soshnikov Sergey
- Soyiri Ireneous N.
- Spotin Adel
- Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T.
- Srivastava Rajni Kant Kant
- Starodubova Antonina
- Sudaryanto Agus
- Sufiyan Mu’awiyyah Babale
- Suleria Hafiz Ansar Rasul
- Sulo Gerhard
- Sunguya Bruno F.
- Syed Zahiruddin Quazi
- Sykes Bryan L.
- Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael
- Tabuchi Takahiro
- Tadesse Birkneh Tilahun
- Taherkhani Amir
- Tamirat Koku Sisay
- Tassew Segen Gebremeskel
- Taveira Nuno
- Teklehaimanot Berhane Fseha
- Tekulu Gebretsadkan Hintsa
- Temsah Mohamad-Hani
- Terkawi Abdullah Sulieman
- Tessema Zemenu Tadesse
- Thomas Nihal
- Titova Mariya Vladimirovna
- Tlaye Kenean Getaneh
- Tohidinik Hamid Reza
- Tonelli Marcello
- Toroudi Hamidreza Pazoki
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Traini Eugenio
- Tran Khanh Bao
- Tripathi Manjari
- Uddin Riaz
- Ullah Irfan
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Upadhyay Era
- Useh Ushotanefe
- Usman Muhammad Shariq
- Uthman Olalekan A.
- Vacante Marco
- Vaezghasemi Masoud
- Valdez Pascual R.
- VanderHeide John
- Varavikova Elena
- Varughese Santosh
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vasseghian Yasser
- Vecchia Carlo La
- Veisani Yousef
- Venkatesh Srinivasaraghavan
- Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
- Verma Madhur
- Vidale Simone
- Violante Francesco S.
- Vlassov Vasily
- Vollmer Sebastian
- Vukovic Rade
- Waheed Yasir
- Wang Haidong
- Wang Yafeng
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Weldesamuel Girmay Teklay
- Werdecker Andrea
- Wiangkham Taweewat
- Wiens Kirsten E.
- Wijeratne Tissa
- Wolde Haileab Fekadu
- Wondafrash Dawit Zewdu
- Wonde Tewodros Eshete
- Wondmieneh Adam Belay
- Wu Ai-Min
- Xu Gelin
- Yadegar Abbas
- Yadollahpour Ali
- Yamada Tomohide
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yaya Sanni
- Yazdi-Feyzabadi Vahid
- Yeshaneh Alex
- Yeshaw Yigizie
- Yeshitila Yordanos Gizachew
- Yilma Mekdes Tigistu
- Yip Paul
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Yoon Seok-Jun
- Youm Yoosik
- Younis Mustafa Z.
- Yousefi Zabihollah
- Yousof Hebat-Allah Salah A.
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yusefzadeh Hasan
- Zahabi Saleh Salehi
- Zaki Leila
- Zaman Sojib Bin
- Zamani Mohammad
- Zamanian Maryam
- Zandian Hamed
- Zarafshan Hadi
- Zepro Nejimu Biza
- Zerfu Taddese Alemu
- Zewale Taye Abuhay
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhao Xiu-Ju
- Zodpey Sanjay
- Zomorodian Kamiar
- Zotor Francis Bruno
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Publication venue
- Nature Research
- Publication date
- 01/01/2020
- Field of study
A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic
Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Ababneh Hazim S
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd Al Magied Abdallah H A
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelkader Atef
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdi Parsa
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdoun Meriem
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abebe Mesfin
- Abiodun Olumide
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abouzid Mohamed
- Aboye Girma Beressa
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Absalan Abdorrahim
- Abualruz Hasan
- Abubakar Bilyaminu
- Abukhadijah Hana Jihad Jihad
- Addolorato Giovanni
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun
- Adetunji Juliana Bunmi
- Adeyeoluwa Temitayo Esther
- Adha Rishan
- Adhikary Ripon Kumar
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adzigbli Leticia Akua
- Afrashteh Fatemeh
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Afzal Saira
- Agbozo Faith
- Agodi Antonella
- Agrawal Anurag
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahlstrom Austin J
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Muayyad M
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmad Shahzaib
- Ahmed Anisuddin
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Safoora
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akkaif Mohammed Ahmed
- Akrami Ashley E
- Akter Ema
- Al Awaidy Salah
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al Mosa Amjad S
- Al Ta'ani Omar
- Al Zaabi Omar Ali Mohammed
- Al-Ajlouni Yazan
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled
- Al-Ibraheem Akram
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tammemi Ala'a B.
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Wardat Mohammad Sami
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Al-Zyoud Walid
- Alahdab Fares
- Alajlani Muaaz M
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Alam Khurshid
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- Albakri Almaza
- Aldhaleei Wafa A
- Aldridge Robert W
- Alemohammad Seyedeh Yasaman
- Alemu Yihun Mulugeta
- Ali Abid
- Ali Amjad
- Ali Iman
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Ali Victor Ekoche
- Ali Waad
- Alicandro Gianfranco
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alla François
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen
- Alrawashdeh Ahmad
- Alrousan Sahel Majed
- Alsabri Mohammed A
- Altaany Zaid
- Altirkawi Khalid A
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- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Aly Hany
- Alyahya Mohammad Sharif
- Alzoubi Karem H
- Amani Reza
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amin Tarek Tawfik
- Amindarolzarbi Alireza
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amirzade-Iranaq Mohammad Hosein
- Amu Hubert
- Amugsi Dickson A
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Anderson David B
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- Antriyandarti Ernoiz
- Anuoluwa Boluwatife Stephen
- Anvari Saeid
- Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward
- Appiah Francis
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- Ardekani Ali
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- Arkew Mesay
- Armani Keivan
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- Arumugam Ashokan
- Asghari-Jafarabadi Mohammad
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- Astell-Burt Thomas
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- Aujayeb Avinash
- Ausloos Marcel
- Awad Hamzeh
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- Azadnajafabad Sina
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- Baltatu Ovidiu Constantin
- Barchitta Martina
- Bardideh Erfan
- Barker-Collo Suzanne Lyn
- Barqawi Hiba Jawdat
- Barteit Sandra
- Basiru Afisu
- Basso João Diogo
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- Bauckneht Matteo
- Baune Bernhard T
- Bayati Mohsen
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- Bärnighausen Till Winfried
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- Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth
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- Bhattacharjee Natalia V
- Bhatti Gurjit Kaur
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- Bodolica Virginia
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- Bora Basara Berrak
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- Botero Carvajal Alejandro
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- Cao Shujin
- Capodici Angelo
- Carreras Giulia
- Carugno Andrea
- Carvalho Márcia
- Castaldelli-Maia Joao Mauricio
- Castelpietra Giulio
- Cattaruzza Maria Sofia
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- Chaurasia Akhilanand
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- Cohen Aaron J
- Columbus Alyssa
- Comfort Haley
- Conde Joao
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- Cooper Ezra E K
- Cortese Samuele
- Cruz-Martins Natália
- Çakmak Barsbay Mehtap
- D'Oria Mario
- da Silva Alanna Gomes
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- Dalton Bronte E
- Damiani Giovanni
- Dandona Lalit
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- Davletov Kairat
- De la Hoz Fernando Pio
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- Delgado-Enciso Ivan
- Denova-Gutiérrez Edgar
- Dervenis Nikolaos
- Desai Hardik Dineshbhai
- Devanbu Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan
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- Dhama Kuldeep
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- Duraisamy Senbagam
- Durojaiye Oyewole Christopher
- Dushpanova Anar
- Dutta Sulagna
- Dzianach Paulina Agnieszka
- Dziedzic Arkadiusz Marian
- Eboreime Ejemai
- Ebrahimi Kalan Mohammad
- Ebrahimi Alireza
- Edinur Hisham Atan
- Efendi Ferry
- Eikemo Terje Andreas
- Eini Ebrahim
- Ekundayo Temitope Cyrus
- El Arab Rabie Adel
- El Sayed Iman
- Elamin Osman
- Elemam Noha Mousaad
- ElGohary Ghada Metwally Tawfik
- Elhadi Muhammed
- Elmeligy Omar Abdelsadek Abdou
- Elmoselhi Adel B
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- Elsohaby Ibrahim
- Eltahir Mohd. Elmagzoub
- Emeto Theophilus I
- Eshrati Babak
- Eslami Majid
- Esmaeili Zahra
- Fabin Natalia
- Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis
- Fagbule Omotayo Francis
- Falzone Luca
- Fareed Mohammad
- Farinha Carla Sofia e Sá
- Faris MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud
- Faro Andre
- Fasihi Kiana
- Fatehizadeh Ali
- Fauk Nelsensius Klau
- Fazylov Timur
- Feigin Valery L
- Fekadu Ginenus
- Feng Xiaoqi
- Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad
- Ferrara Pietro
- Ferreira Nuno
- Firew Belete Sewasew
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- Fitriana Ida
- Flavel Joanne
- Flor Luisa S
- Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin
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- Gadanya Muktar A
- Gallus Silvano
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- Gholami Ehsan
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- Islam Md. Rabiul
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- Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle
- Khademvatan Shahram
- Khajuria Himanshu
- Khalaji Amirmohammad
- Khalid Asaad
- Khalid Nauman
- Khalilian Alireza
- Khamesipour Faham
- Khan Fayaz
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- Khan Moien AB
- Khanmohammadi Shaghayegh
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- La Vecchia Carlo
- Lacey Ben
- Ladan Muhammad Awwal
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- Lan Qing
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- Mahadeshwara Prasad D. R.
- Mahalleh Mehrdad
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- Mahmoud Mansour Adam
- Mahmoudi Elham
- Mahmoudvand Golnaz
- Makama Maureen
- Malakan Rad Elaheh
- Malhotra Kashish
- Malik Ahmad Azam
- Malta Deborah Carvalho
- Manla Yosef
- Mansour Ali
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- Marasini Bishnu P
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- Martins-Melo Francisco Rogerlândio
- Martorell Miquel
- Marx Wolfgang
- Marzo Roy Rillera
- Masoudi Sahar
- Mathangasinghe Yasith
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- Mathur Navgeet
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- Wojewodzic Marcin W
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- Yonemoto Naohiro
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Elaine A
- Yu Yong
- Yuan Chun-Wei
- Yusuf Hadiza
- Zafar Uzma
- Zafari Nima
- Zahid Mondal Hasan
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zerfu Taddese Alemu
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Jingya
- Zhang Liqun
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhiqiang
- Zhao Xiu-Ju George
- Zhao Yang
- Zhao Zhongyi
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Bolun
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhou Shangcheng
- Zhu Bin
- Zhumagaliuly Abzal
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zoghi Ghazal
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zyoud Sa'ed H
- Zyoud Samer H
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2024
- Field of study
Background: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050. Methods: Using forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings: In the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]). Interpretation: Globally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions
Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- Author
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbas Kaja M.
- Abbasi Mohammad
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasifard Mitra
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd El Razek Hassan Magdy
- Abd El Razek Muhammed Magdy
- Abd-Allah Foad
- Abdelalim Ahmed
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahpour Ibrahim
- Abdulkader Rizwan Suliankatchi
- Abdullah Kanaan Hamagharib
- Abedi Aidin
- Abedi Parisa
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abosetugn Akine Eshete
- Aboyans Victor
- Abrams Elissa M.
- Abreu Lucas Guimaraes
- Abrigo Michael R. M.
- Abu Haimed Abdulaziz Khalid
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Raddad Laith Jamal
- Abualhasan Ahmed
- Abushouk Abdelrahman I.
- Acebedo Alyssa
- Ackerman Ilana N.
- Adabi Maryam
- Adair Tim
- Adamu Abdu A.
- Adebayo Oladimeji M.
- Adedeji Isaac Akinkunmi
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adelson Jaimie D.
- Adeoye Abiodun Moshood
- Adetokunboh Olatunji O.
- Adham Davoud
- Advani Shailesh M.
- Afarideh Mohsen
- Afshari Mahdi
- Afshin Ashkan
- Agardh Emilie E.
- Agarwal Gina
- Agasthi Pradyumna
- Agesa Kareha M.
- Aghaali Mohammad
- Aghamir Seyed Mohammad Kazem
- Agrawal Anurag
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Alireza
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmadi Mehdi
- Ahmadieh Hamid
- Ahmadpour Ehsan
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Aji Budi
- Akalu Temesgen Yihunie
- Akinyemi Rufus Olusola
- Akinyemiju Tomi
- Akombi Blessing
- Akunna Chisom Joyqueenet
- Al-Aly Ziyad
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- Zheleva Bistra
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- 01/01/2020
- Field of study
Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens
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- Zhu Bin
- Zhu Lei
- Ziafati Makan
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zitoun Osama A
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Zou Zhiyong
- Zuhlke Liesl J
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zweck Elric
- Zyoud Samer H
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Šekerija Mario
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/01/2024
- Field of study
BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis
- Author
- A A Essam
- Abd El-Rahman Hegazy Khedr
- Abd Elkhalek Sallam
- Abd Elrahman Elshafay
- Abdalla Gamal Saad
- Abdalla Gharib
- Abdalla Kenibar
- Abdallah Salah Elsherbiny
- Abdalrahman Adel
- Abdelaziz Abdelaal
- Abdelaziz Osman Abdelaziz Elhendawy
- Abdelfatah Hussein
- Abdelkader Belkouchi
- Abdelmalek Hrora
- Abdelrahman Adelshone
- Abdelrahman Alkammash
- Abdelrahman Assal
- Abdelrahman Geuoshy
- Abdelrahman Haroun
- Abdelrahman Mohammed
- Abdelrahman Sayed
- Abdelrahman Soliman
- Abdelrhman Essam Elnemr
- Abdelrhman Kz Darwish
- Abdelrhman Osama Elsebaaye
- Abdul Khalique
- Abdul Rehman Alvi
- Abdul Wahid Anwar
- Abdulaziz Altwijri
- Abdullah Al-Mallah
- Abdullah Almoflihi
- Abdullah Altamimi
- Abdullah Daqeeq
- Abdullah Dwydar
- Abdullah Gouda
- Abdullah Hashim
- Abdulmalik Altaf
- Abdulmalik Huwait
- Abdulrahman Abdel-Aty
- Abdulrahman M Altwigry
- Abdulrahman Sheshe
- Abdulrasheed A Nasir
- AbdulRazzaq Oluwagbemiga Lawal
- Abdulshafi Khaled Abdrabou
- Abdurrahaman Sheshe
- Abdussemiu Abdurrazzaaq
- Abebe Bekele Zerihun
- Abeer Al-Shammari
- Abeer El Gendy
- Abeer Esam
- Abeer Marey
- Abhishek Mittal
- Abiboye Yifieyeh
- Abid Bin Mahamood
- Abidemi Adesuyi
- Abouelatta Khairy Aly
- Abrar Nawawi
- Adam Gyedu
- Ade Waterman
- Adedapo Osinowo
- Adedeji Fatuga
- Adel Albiety
- Adel B Hassanein
- Adel Denewar
- Adeleke Adekoya
- Ademola Adebanjo
- Ademola Adeyeye
- Ademola Popoola
- Adesina Adedeji
- Adesoji O Ademuyiwa
- Adesoji Tade
- Adewale Adeniyi
- Adewale O Adisa
- Adham Tarek
- Adomas Ladukas
- Adrian F Palma
- Afifatun Hasanah
- Afizah Salleh
- Afnan Abdelfatah
- Afnan Altamimi
- Afnan Altamini
- Agazi Fitsum
- Agboola Taiwo
- Ahamed Hassan
- Ahed Ghaben
- Ahmad Abdel Fattah
- Ahmad Abdel Razaq Al Rafati
- Ahmad Aboelkassem Ibrahem
- Ahmad Aldalaq
- Ahmad Ali
- Ahmad Almallah
- Ahmad Alrifaie
- Ahmad Ashour
- Ahmad Bakr
- Ahmad Bani-Sadar
- Ahmad Bin Adnan
- Ahmad Elbatahgy
- Ahmad Faraz
- Ahmad Gudal
- Ahmad Hasan
- Ahmad Khaled Sabe
- Ahmad Khoja
- Ahmad Nashaat
- Ahmad Qaissieh
- Ahmad Sabe
- Ahmad Saber Sleem
- Ahmad Sakr
- Ahmad Shalabi
- Ahmad Uzair Qureshi
- Ahmed Aamer
- Ahmed Abd El Galeel
- Ahmed Abd Elmoen Elhusseiny
- Ahmed Abd Elsameea
- Ahmed Abdelkareem
- Ahmed Abdelmotaleb Ghazy
- Ahmed Abo El Magd
- Ahmed Abo Elazayem
- Ahmed Adamu
- Ahmed Adel
- Ahmed Afandy
- Ahmed Ahmed
- Ahmed Al-Khatib
- Ahmed Alghamdi
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Altibi
- Ahmed Alzahrani
- Ahmed Ata
- Ahmed Badr
- Ahmed Dahy
- Ahmed Diab
- Ahmed El Kashash
- Ahmed El Kholy
- Ahmed El-Sehily
- Ahmed Elgaili Khalid Musa
- Ahmed Elgebaly
- Ahmed Elkelany
- Ahmed Elkholy
- Ahmed Essam
- Ahmed Fahiem
- Ahmed Farag
- Ahmed Fawzy
- Ahmed Fouad
- Ahmed Gad
- Ahmed Ghanem
- Ahmed Gheith
- Ahmed Gomaa
- Ahmed Hafez El-Badri Kotb
- Ahmed Hammad
- Ahmed Hassan
- Ahmed Hossam Eldin Fouad Rida
- Ahmed Ismail
- Ahmed Karim
- Ahmed Khyrallh
- Ahmed Lasheen
- Ahmed M Rashed
- Ahmed Magdy
- Ahmed Mahmoud Abdelraouf
- Ahmed Menshawy
- Ahmed Meshref
- Ahmed Mohamed Afifi
- Ahmed Mohamed Ibrahim
- Ahmed Mohameden
- Ahmed Mohammed
- Ahmed Mokhtar
- Ahmed Mosad
- Ahmed Moustafa
- Ahmed Moustafa Saeed
- Ahmed Negida
- Ahmed Rabeih Mohammed
- Ahmed Rabie Mohamed
- Ahmed Ragab Nayel
- Ahmed Ragab Soliman
- Ahmed Raslan
- Ahmed Raza
- Ahmed Refaat
- Ahmed Rslan
- Ahmed Sabry
- Ahmed Sabry El-Hamouly
- Ahmed Safwan Marey
- Ahmed Saidbadr
- Ahmed Sakr
- Ahmed Samir
- Ahmed Shahine
- Ahmed Sheta
- Ahmed Soliman
- Ahmed Tammam
- Ahmed Tarek Abdelbaset Hassan
- Ahmed W Shamsedine
- Ahmed Zaki
- Ahmed Zaki Eldeeb
- Ahmed Zohair
- Ahmedali M Kandil
- Ahmedglal Elnagar
- Ahsan Zil-E-Ali
- Aijaz Jabbar
- Ailsa Claire Snaith
- Ainhoa Costas-Chavarri
- Aiste Austraite
- Ajayesh Mistry
- Akin Olaolorun
- Akinlabi E Ajao
- Al Faifi Jubran
- Ala Shamasneh
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- Alan Baird
- Alan Grant
- Alasdair Ball
- Alban Cacurri
- Albert Mohale Mphatsoe
- Alberto Realis Luc
- Alejandro Matheu
- Alejandro Munera
- Alemayehu Ginbo Bedada
- Alessandro Favero
- Alessio Maniscalco
- Alexander Canta Calua
- Alexander J Fowler
- Alexandra Gerosa
- Alexandre Horobjowsky
- Alexandre Venancio De Sousa
- Alexia Farrugia
- Alexis Pierre Arnaud
- Alfio Alessandro Russo
- Alfredo Gulielmi
- Ali Ababneh
- Ali Abo El Dahab
- Ali Amin Ahmed Ata
- Ali Khan Niazi
- Ali Kiasat
- Ali Mohamed Hammad
- Ali Zardab
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- Aliaa Sadek
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- Aliang Latif
- Alibeth Andres Baquero Suarez
- Alice Faure
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- Aline Broch
- Alireza Hasheminia
- Alisdair Macdonald
- Aliyu Ndajiwo
- Allan Novak
- Alphonse Zeta Mutabazi
- Alvaro Enrique Mendoza Beleño
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- Aly Abd Elrazek
- Aly Nasr
- Aly Sanad
- Alyaa Halim Elgendy
- Alyne Daltri Lazzarini Cury
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- Amandine Martin
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- Aminah Hanum Haji Abdul Majid
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- Amir Ait Kaci
- Amira Atef Omar
- Amira Elsawy
- Amira Hassan Bekhet
- Amira Reda
- Amjad Abu Qumbos
- Amjad Elmashala
- Ammar Gado
- Amna Mamdouh Mohamed
- Amna Mohamed
- Amoudtha Rasendran
- Amr Ahmed Saleh
- Amr Fadel
- Amr Hasan
- Amr Hassaan
- Amr Hossameldin
- Amr Muhammad Elkorashy
- Amr Tarek Hafez
- Amreen Faruq
- Amro Aglan
- Ana Cecilia Manchego Bautista
- Ana Lucia Contreras-Vergara
- Ana Maria Sandoval Barrantes
- Ana Vega Carreiro De Freitas
- Ana Vega Freitas
- Anam Rashid
- Anan Rady Abdelazeam
- Anand Kirishnan
- Anass Majbar
- Anastasia Bamicha
- Anastasios Stefanopoulos
- Anders Thorell
- Andre Das
- Andre Dubois
- Andre L Mihaljevic
- Andre Navarro
- Andrea Allegri
- Andrea Armellini
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- Andrea Echevarria Rosas Moran
- Andrea Natili
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- Andrew Kirby
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- Ankur Bhatnagar
- Ann Kjellin
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- Annelisse Ashton
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- Arcangelo Picciariello
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- Asaf Kedar
- Asdaq Ahmed
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- Aseel Alnusairat
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- Aseel Musleh
- Ash Prabhudesai
- Ashraf A Maghrabi
- Ashraf Morsi
- Ashrarur Rahman Mitul
- Asmaa Abdel-Rahman Al-Aarag
- Asmaa Abdelgelil
- Asmaa Rezq
- Asmaa Salah
- Aspasia Papailia
- Assmaa Badwy
- Astrid Leusink
- Ata Khan
- Ataa Ahmed
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- Athar Eysa
- Athirah Zulkifli
- Atif Mahdi
- Attia Attia
- Attia Mohamed Attia
- Audrey Clarissa
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- Augusto Zani
- Aung Kyaw Tun
- Aurel Mironescu
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- Aurora Mariani
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- Ausrine Usaityte
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- Aya Adel Elsharkawy
- Aya El-Sawy
- Aya Elwaey
- Aya Firwana
- Aya Hagar
- Aya Hammad
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- Aya Reda
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- Basma Magdy
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- Beatrice Brunoni
- Beatrix Weber
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- Benoît Parmentier
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- Besmir Grizhja
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- Betty Maillot
- Billal Mansour
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- Donal B O'Connor
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- Dushyant Iyer
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- Nebyou Seyoum Abebe
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- Stefano Roncali
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- Sten Saar
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- Stephanie Van Straten
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- Syed Altaf Naqvi
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- Sylvia Batista Lemaire
- Sylvie Mochet
- Syrine Rekhis
- T Ariani Widiastini
- Tagang Ebogo Ngwa
- Taha Yusufali
- Taher Al-Taher
- Tahir Muhammad Yaseen
- Tahir Yaseen
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- Taiwo Lawal
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- Tewodros Worku
- Thamer Nouh
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- Thelma Tembo
- Thelma Xerri
- Theodore Pezas
- Theodosios Theodosopoulos
- Thiago Fernandes Giuriato
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- Thomas Feidantsis
- Thomas Fozard
- Thomas G Weiser
- Thomas M Drake
- Thomas Olagboyega Olajide
- Thomas Pinkney
- Thomas Prudhomme
- Thomas Sherman
- Thomas Tetens Moe
- Thuraya Alzayat
- Thusitha Sampath Hettiarachchi
- Tien Seng Bryan Lee
- Timothy White
- Tina Gaarder
- Tobias Schuetz
- Todisoa Emmanuella Christina Tolotra
- Tolg Cecilia
- Tom Am Malik
- Tom Arthur
- Tom Falconer Hall
- Tomas Abaliksta
- Tomas Jankus
- Tomas Poškus
- Tommaso Bocchetti
- Tommaso Campagnaro
- Tommaso Fontana
- Tony Mak
- Toqa Khafagy
- Torhild Veen
- Trude Beate Wold
- Tsz-Yan Katie Chan
- Tuan Nur'Azmah Tuan Mat
- Tunde Sholadoye
- Twc Mak
- Tyler Rouse
- Tzu-Ling Chen
- Uday Muddebihal
- Ufuk Karabacak
- Ulf Gunnarsson
- Ulf Gustafsson
- Umar Muktar
- Umberto Tedeschi
- Umme Salma
- Usama Hantour
- Uthman Alamoudi
- Valdemaras Jotautas
- Valentine Parent
- Vanessa Dina Palomino Castillo
- Vanessa Msosa
- Vania Guglielmo
- Vania Silvestri
- Vasileios Despotidis
- Vasileios Kalles
- Vasiliki Soulou
- Vassilis Kalles
- Veereanna Shatkar
- Venerand Barendegere
- Veronica Grassi
- Veronica Lazzari
- Vicky Jennings
- Victor Dassah
- Victor Etwire
- Victor Kong
- Victor Manuel Quintero Riaza
- Victor Nwinee
- Victoria K Proctor
- Vijaid Upadhyaya
- Vijay Gadhvi
- Viktorija Ambrozeviciute
- Viktorija Nevieraite
- Ville Sallinen
- Vimalakanthan Thanusan
- Vincas Jonas Banaitis
- Virgilijus Beisa
- Viviana Sollazzo
- Vivien Graffieille
- Vizir Jean Paul Nsengimana
- Vladimir Khokha
- Vollmer Sebastian
- Vu Thanh Hien Le
- Vytautas Gaižauskas
- Vytautas Lipnickas
- Wahid Anwer
- Wai Cheong Soon
- Wai Him Lam
- Wairimu Ndegwa
- Waleed Thabet
- Walid Adham
- Walter Forno
- Walter Ruiz Panez
- Wan Nurul 'Ain Wan Mohd Nasir
- Wanigasekara Senanayake Mudiyanselage Kithsiri Janakantha Senanayake
- Ward Hamsho
- Wasim Dar
- Wedyan Alhazmi
- Wei Guo
- Weiguang Ho
- Weihei Dao
- Wendy Leslie Messa Aguilar
- Wennweoi Goh
- Wifanto Saditya Jeo
- Wilfredo Pino
- William Appeadu-Mensah
- William Beasley
- William Bonney
- William Hutch
- William J Lossius
- William Milligan
- Willy Alcca Ticona
- Wing Sum Li
- Witold Chachulski
- Xavier Delforge
- Xianelle Rodriguez
- Xinwei Low
- Xue Wei Chan
- Ya Theng Neo
- Yacoubou Imorou Souaibou
- Yahaya Ukwenya
- Yahya Salama
- Yaseen Rajjoub
- Yasmein Ibrahim
- Yasmin Abd-Elrasoul
- Yasmin Elfouly
- Yasmin Hegazy
- Yasmin Soliman
- Yasser Abd El Salam
- Yee Wen Tan
- Yehia Zakaria
- Yella Reddy
- Yi Koon Tan
- Yi Ting Mok
- Yih Jeng Cheong
- Yiing Yee Gan
- Yishan Der
- Yogendra Praveen Mogan
- Yomna Allam
- Yomna Hosny Asar
- Yong Yong Tew
- Yousef Abuowda
- Yousra El Shoura
- Ysabel Esthefany Alejos Bermúdez
- Yuk Hong Eric Cheung
- Yuksel Altinel
- Yung Kok Ng
- Yuri Macchitella
- Yves Aigrain
- Yücel Cengiz
- Zaher Mikwar
- Zahra Jaffry
- Zain Ali Khan
- Zainab Iftikhar
- Zaynab M Elsayed
- Zhongtao Zhang
- Zi Hao Sam
- Zigmantas Urniežius
- Zilvinas Dambrauskas
- Zineb Bentounsi
- Zygimantas Tverskis
- Publication venue
- 'Oxford University Press (OUP)'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2022
- Field of study
Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US 92492millionusingapproach1and73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was 95004millionusingapproach1and75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially
Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis
- Author
- Aahlin Eirik Kjus
- Aamer Ahmed
- Aaniana Kenneth
- Ababneh Ali
- Abaliksta Tomas
- Abantanga Francis
- Abbas Mohamed
- Abbasy Jibran
- Abbo Olivier
- Abbouch Meryem
- Abd-Elmawla Manar
- Abd-Elrasoul Yasmin
- Abdallah Emad
- Abdel-Aty Abdulrahman
- Abdel-Hameed Noran
- Abdel-Kader Sara Mahmoud
- Abdel-Wahab Nehal Yosri Elsayed
- Abdelaal Abdelaziz
- Abdelaty Mohamed
- Abdelazeam Anan Rady
- Abdelazim Galaleldin
- Abdelaziz Mohamed A
- Abdelbadeai Kholoud
- Abdelfatah Afnan
- AbdelFattah Ibrahim
- Abdelgelil Asmaa
- Abdelghany Sarah
- Abdelhady Samar
- Abdelhamed Rasha
- Abdelhamid Amina
- Abdelhaq Aram
- Abdelkader Mostafa
- Abdelkader Omar
- Abdelkareem Ahmed
- Abdelkhalek Mohamed
- Abdelmageed Eman
- Abdelmotaleb Ibrahem
- Abdelraheim Mohamed
- Abdelraouf Ahmed Mahmoud
- Abdelrouf Doaa Maher
- Abdelshafy Mahmoud
- Abdelshakour Mahmoud
- Abdrabou Abdulshafi Khaled
- Abdul-Latif Saiba
- Abdulaziz Hager
- Abdulbagi Omar
- Abdulgawad Mahmoud
- Abdulhakeem Eman Mahmoud
- Abdullah Mohamed Abozed
- Abdullah Nik Azim Nik
- Abdullah Noha
- Abdullahi Lawal
- Abdurrazzaaq Abdussemiu
- Abebe Nebiyou Seyoum
- Abebe Nebyou Seyoum
- Abem Owusu Emmanuel
- Abiola Olajide
- Aboarab Aya
- Aboelella Majed
- Aboelmagd Omnia
- Aboelsoud Moustafa R.
- Aboraya Metwally
- Aboraya Mohammad
- Abouelnasr Alaa
- Aboul-Naga Mariam Saad
- Abouzahra Amany
- Abouzaid Arwa
- Abozaid Mohamed
- Abozeid Khaled
- Abozyed Mahmoud Ahmed Fathi
- Abu-toyour Maram
- Abubakr Marwan
- Abudeeb Haytham
- Abuowda Yousef
- Abuqwaider Eman
- Abusalem Lana
- Abuseif Mohamed
- Abushamleh Soha
- Ackom Eric
- Acquah Emmanuel
- Adam Nourhan
- Adams Ryan
- Adamu Ahmed
- Adawi Ihdaa
- Adawi Mohammad
- Adebanjo Ademola
- Adebola Oluwaseyi
- Adedeji Adesina
- Adekoya Adeleke
- Adel Abdalrahman
- Adel Ahmed
- Adel Badr Eldin
- Adel Israa
- Adella Fidelis Jacklyn
- Adelshone Abdelrahman
- Ademuyiwa Adesoji O
- Adenekan Babajide
- Adeniran James
- Adeniyi Adewale
- Adesanya Opeoluwa
- Adesina Alaba
- Adesuyi Abidemi
- Adeyeye Ademola
- Adham Walid
- Adhitama Novia
- Adil Muhammad
- Adisa Adewale O
- Adnan Ahmad Bin
- Adu-Aryee Niiarmah
- Afana Samah
- Afandy Ahmed
- Afifi Ahmed Mohamed
- Africa South
- Agalianos Christos
- Agarwal Arnav
- Agbedinu Kwabena
- Agius Marija
- Aglan Amro
- Aguilar Wendy Leslie Messa
- Aguilar-Jimenez Jose
- Aguilera Maria Lorena
- Aguilera Omar
- Aguilera-Arevalo Maria-Lorena
- Ahlonsou Germain
- Ahlqvist Sandra
- Ahmed Ahmed
- Ahmed Asdaq
- Ahmed Ataa
- Ahmed Emad Ali
- Ahmed Hala
- Ahmed Hayam
- Ahmed Hussien
- Ahmed Lopna Ahmed Mohamed
- Ahmed Sara
- Ahmed Saraibrahim
- Ahmed Soliman Magdy
- Ahounou Ernest Yemalin Stephane
- Aigrain Yves
- Ajah Jonathan
- Ajai Olalekan
- Ajao Akinlabi E
- Ajiboye Anthony
- Akatibo Emmanuel
- Akeel Nouf
- Akoto Elliot
- Al-Aarag Asmaa Abdel-Rahman
- Al-Azraqi Israa Abdullah Aziz
- Al-Buhaisi Alaa
- Al-Dakka Emad
- Al-Faifi Jubran J
- Al-faqawi Maha
- Al-farram Hadeel
- Al-Hameedi Hasan Ismael Ibraheem
- Al-Hasani Ruqaya Kadhim Mohammed Jawad
- Al-khatib Ahmed
- Al-Mallah Abdullah
- Al-Marakby Dina
- Al-Mousa Mashael
- Al-Nahrawi Safwat
- Al-Obaedi Ossama
- Al-saqqa Sara
- Al-Saqqa Sara W
- Al-shammari Abeer
- Al-Slaibi Ibrahim
- Al-taher Taher
- Alada Muslimat
- Alahmady Omar
- Alakaloko Felix
- Alaloul Enas
- Alamin Shadid
- Alamoudi Mohammed
- Alamoudi Uthman
- Albeladi Bandar
- Albiety Adel
- Aldalaq Ahmad
- Aldhafeeri Salman
- Aledrisy Mohannad
- Alexander Philip
- Alexandre Challine
- Alfarsi Muayad Ahmed
- Alghamdi Ahmed
- Alghamdi Basim
- Alghamdi Masood
- Alghamdi Mohammed Saleh A.
- Algohary Osama
- Alhabli Ibrahim
- Alhady Khaled
- Alhassan Basmah
- Alhazmi Wedyan
- Alhendy Mohammed
- Alherz Mohammad
- Ali Ahmad
- Ali Ahmed
- Ali Ased
- Ali Citra Dewi Mohd
- Ali Elsayed
- Ali Farah Mahmoud
- Ali Hussein
- Ali Safia
- Ali Samuel Sani
- Ali Syed Abdul Wahhab Eusoffee Wan
- Ali Tebian Hassanein Ahmed
- Alihonou Thierry
- Alimi Quentin
- Aliyu Halima
- Aliyu Mohammad
- Aliyu Shamsudeen
- Aljboor Khaled
- Aljiffry Murad
- Aljohani Emad
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- Alnuqaydan Saleh A.
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- Alqahtani Enas
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- Alrahawy Mahmoud
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- Alser Osaid H.
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- Elgendy Fatimah I
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- Elhendawy Abdelaziz Osman Abdelaziz
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- Elnagar Ahmedglal
- Elnajjar Mahmoud A.
- Elnemr Abdelrhman Essam
- Elrazek Aly Abd
- Elsabbagh Nourhan
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- Elsawy Amira
- Elsayed Makki
- Elsayed Mohammed
- Elsayed Nada Ahmed Reda
- Elsayed Nadin
- Elsayed Zaynab M
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- Elsemelawy Rofida
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- Elshafay Abd Elrahman
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- Elsiddig Mohammed
- Elsobky Soaad
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- Elwan Ayman
- Elwy Eman
- Elzahed Nada
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- Elzayat Mohamed
- Elzayyat Ibrahim
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- Emergencia Cirugia De
- Emile Sameh
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- Espinoza Kevin Turpo
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- Fahiem Ahmed
- Fahim Marwan
- Fahmy Mohamed A Baky
- Fahy Ciara
- Fairfield Cameron
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- Falzon Malcolm
- Farag Ahmed
- Farahat Mahitab Morsy
- Faraz Ahmad
- Fares Mohamed
- Farfan Erick Samuel Florez
- Farhad Mustafa
- Farhan-Alanie Muhamed M H
- Farinella Eriberto
- Farmakis Konstantinos
- Farouk Sara Amr Mohamed
- Farrugia Alexia
- Faruq Amreen
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- Fattah Ahmad Abdel
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- Fawzy Ahmed
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- Fergany Alaa
- Fergusson Stuart J
- Fermani Claudio
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- Fowler Alexander J
- Fozard Thomas
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- Habeeb Mohammad Abdulkhalek
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- Habeebullah Alaa
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- Hafez Amr Tarek
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- Hagan Richmond
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- Hajeh Haidar
- Hakim Hafiz
- Halawany Mohamed El
- Halhouli Oday
- Hall Nigel J
- Hall Tom Falconer
- Hallam Sally
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- Hamad Maha Gamal Mohamad
- Hamaguchi José Luis Hamasaki
- Hamarshi Aseel
- Hamasaki José
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- Hamed Mohamed Fouad
- Hameed Ola Sherief Abd El
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- Hanrahan Michael
- Hantour Usama
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- Har Prisca A. L.
- Haraux Elodie
- Haroun Abdelrahman
- Harrison Ewen M
- Hasan Ahmad
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- Hassan Maleeha
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- Hassanain Mazen
- Hassanein Adel B
- Havemann Ingemar
- Heath Jonathan
- Hegazy Eman Magdy
- Hegazy Yasmin
- Helene Francois-Coridon
- Helguero-Santin Luis M.
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- Ibrahem Ahmad Aboelkassem
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- Ignatavicius Povilas
- Ihediwa George
- Imoro Osman
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- Shwky Ayman
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- Sieda Basem
- Sierra Sebastian
- Siguantay Miguel
- Sii Samuel S. Y.
- Sila George Christian Manrique
- Sila George Manrique
- Sileri Pierpaolo
- Silva Luana Ayres Da
- Silvani Paolo
- Silvestre Barbara Pereira
- Silvestri Vania
- Simioni Andrea
- Simoes Romeo Lages
- Simutis Gintaras
- Sishuba Nosisa
- Sivaganesh Sivasuriya
- Skardžiukaitė Austė
- Skehan Jennifer
- Skelly Brendan
- Slam Mohamed Abd El
- Slapelyte Evelina
- Sleem Ahmad Saber
- Sleem Mohamed
- Smart Neil
- Snaith Ailsa Claire
- Snyder Elizabeth
- Sobnach Sanju
- Soeselo Daniel Ardian
- Solaini Leonardo
- Soley Rafael
- Soliman Abdelrahman
- Soliman Ahmed
- Soliman Ahmed Ragab
- Soliman Noha Abdullah
- Soliman Nourhan
- Soliman Samar
- Soliman Yasmin
- Solis Ludwing Alexander Zeta
- Sollazzo Viviana
- Song Jiheon
- Soon Wai Cheong
- Souaibou Yacoubou Imorou
- Soulou Vasiliki
- Sousa Alexandre Venancio De
- Spence Richard
- Spina Andrew
- Sproule Lorraine
- Sreedharan Anjana
- Sroor Fathy
- Sruogiene Elena Zdanyte
- Staerkle Ralph F
- Starr Nichole
- Steccanella Francesca
- Stefanopoulos Anastasios
- Stock Simon
- Stoddart Michael
- Straten Stephanie Van
- Strazdas Andrius
- Strupas Kestutis
- Stuva Jessica Patricia Gonzales
- Styles Kristian
- Suarez Alibeth Andres Baquero
- Subaie Norah Al
- Subocius Andrejus
- Suleiman Siyaka Itopa
- Sund Malin
- Sundstrom Sami Martin
- Suresh Sukrit
- Sutandi Nathania
- Sutanto Eldaa Prisca Refianti
- Sutton Paul
- Suyadi Arlindawati
- Swann Joanna
- Syibrah Khuzaimah Zahid
- Sykes Mark
- Szeto Charing Cheuk Ling
- Szeto Kylie Joan-yi
- Søreide Jon Arne
- Søreide Kjetil
- Tabiri Stephen
- Tackie Enoch
- Taddei Antonio
- Tade Adesoji
- Taha Emad Mohamed Saeed
- Tahboub Haya
- Taher Ayman And
- Taher Mustafa Mohammed
- Taieb Chouikh
- Taiwo Agboola
- Taiwo Ogechukwu
- Talaat Muhammed
- Tale Fernando
- Tale Luis
- Talukder Shagorika
- Talving Peep
- Tammam Ahmed
- Tan Choy Ling
- Tan Jessica Juliana
- Tan Joel Kin
- Tan Keith Say Kwang
- Tan Ryan Choon Kiat
- Tan Yee Wen
- Tan Yi Koon
- Tanase Andrei
- Tarek Adham
- Tarek Areej
- Tarek Dina
- Targa Simone
- Tariq Sherif
- Tata Mahadevan Deva
- Tatagiba Luiza Sarmento
- Tawfik Badreldin Adel
- Tawfik Gehad
- Teasdale Ella
- Tedeschi Umberto
- Tedjaatmadja Chintya
- Telfah Muwaffaq Mezeil
- Tembo Thelma
- Temoche Edilberto
- Teo Shuang Yi
- Tessera Gaetano
- Teufelberger Gerfried
- Tew Yong Yong
- Tewari Shirish
- Thabet Waleed
- Thanusan Vimalakanthan
- Tharmalingam Shivanee
- Theodosopoulos Theodosios
- Thollot Aurore
- Thomas Efeson
- Thomas Hannah S
- Thompson Ben
- Thorarinsdottir Hildur
- Thorell Anders
- Thorsen Kenneth
- Ticona Willy Alcca
- Timothy Oyediran Kehinde
- Ting Jesse Ron Swire
- Toeema Aliaa Gamal
- Toit Frederick Du
- Tolba Hager
- Tolg Cecilia
- Tolonen Matti
- Tolotra Todisoa Emmanuella Christina
- Tori Sayeeda Aktar
- Torres Carla Pierina García
- Torres Shalon Guevara
- Trompetto Mario
- Tselos Angelos
- Tshisola Serge Kapenda
- Tugnoli Gregorio
- Tun Aung Kyaw
- Tun Myint
- Turati Luca
- Turkustani Sondos
- Turner Megan
- Tutino Roberta
- Tverskis Zygimantas
- Tyler Robert
- Tze R. Goh Ern
- Tze Reuben Goh Ern
- Tzikos Georgios
- Ubiali Paolo
- Ugalde Paul
- Ukwenya Yahaya
- Uluşahin Mehmet
- Upadhyaya Vijaid
- Upchurch Emma
- Urbanavicius Linas
- Urniežius Zigmantas
- Urquizu Mario Contreras
- Usaityte Ausrine
- Uščinas Laimonas
- Utter Maria
- Uzabumwana Norbert
- Vaicius Arturas
- Valcarcel-Saldaña María
- Valioulis Ioannis
- Vargas Marvin
- Varkalys Karolis
- Vartic Mihaela
- Vasquez Giorgio
- Vasquez Idelso
- Veen Torhild
- Vega Gustavo Miguel Machain
- Velasquez Ricardo
- Velásquez Armando José Román
- Velásquez Carlos Iván Pérez
- Vella-Baldacchino Martinique
- Venclauskas Linas
- Vendramin Elena
- Venskutonis Donatas
- Venugopal Caranj
- Verjee Azmina
- Vermaas Maarten
- Veronese Ezio
- Vianna Julia Guasti Pinto
- Vicario Erika
- Vida Lucian Corneliu
- Vilčinskas Mantas
- Villa Roberta
- Villalobos Santiago
- Vimalachandran Dale
- Vincent Joe
- Violi Paola
- Višinskas Petras
- Vivekanantham Sayinthen
- Vlachogiorgos Apostolos
- Vollmer Sebastian
- Voulgaris Evangelos
- Wael Noha
- Wagener Mark
- Waleed Hamza
- Walędziak Maciej
- Walsh Michael
- Waqar Muhammad
- Warda Mahmoud
- Warren Oliver
- Waterman Ade
- Watts Anna
- Weber Beatrix
- Weber Per
- Weiser Thomas G
- Wheeler James
- Whitaker John
- White Timothy
- Whitehurst Katharine
- Wiborg Joachim
- Widiastini T Ariani
- Wild Jonathan R L
- Williams Omolara
- Wilson Ling
- Wilson Michael
- Witherspoon Paul
- Wogensen Fredrik
- Woin Evelina
- Wold Trude Beate
- Wolf Bernhard
- Wondimu Sahlu
- Wondoh Paul
- Wong Chee Siong
- Wong Chui Yee
- Wong Hong Yee
- Wood Greta
- Woodward Helen
- Worku Mengistu
- Worku Tewodros
- Wredberg Cecilia
- Wright Naomi J
- Xerri Thelma
- Yahaya Muhammad Taqiyuddin
- Yakubu Musah
- Yam Sir Young
- Yang James
- Yaseen Tahir
- Yaseen Tahir Muhammad
- Yavuz Mehmet Ali
- Ye Joselyn
- Yeang Li Jing
- Yeo Lee Shi
- Yeung Man Hon Andrew
- Yifieyeh Abiboye
- Yip Chingwan
- Yip Sebastian Bernardo Shu
- Ymeri Shpetim
- Yoganathan Pigeneswaren
- Yong Cheryl Ou
- Yong Guo Liang
- Youssef Daniel
- Youssef Haney
- Youssef Mohamed
- Youssif Jehad Hassan
- Yuksek Mahmut Arif
- Yusufali Taha
- Zaa'treh Rula
- Zachariades Dimitris-Christos
- Zadoroznas Antanas
- Zahran Diaaaldin
- Zakaria Esraay
- Zakaria Mahmoud
- Zakaria Yehia
- Zaki Ahmed
- Zalabia Mohamed F
- Zamarin Kresimir
- Zammit Stefan
- Zampitis Nikolaos
- Zani Augusto
- Zanini Nicola
- Zapata Felipe
- Zarb Ciskje
- Zardab Ali
- Zegarra Sergio
- Zerihun Abebe Bekele
- Zhang Zhongtao
- Zheng Fei
- Zidan Hagar
- Zidan Mohamed
- Ziff Oliver
- Zil-E-Ali Ahsan
- Zohair Ahmed
- Zuber Markus
- Zulkifli Athirah
- Žilinskas Justas
- Žilinskienė Reda
- Žiubrytė Greta
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2022
- Field of study
Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US 92492millionusingapproach1and73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was 95004millionusingapproach1and75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially
Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17
- Author
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd El Razek Hassan Magdy
- Abd El Razek Muhammed Magdy
- Abd-Allah Foad
- Abdelalim Ahmed
- Abdollahpour Ibrahim
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abejie Ayenew Negesse
- Abreu Lucas Guimaraes
- Abrigo Michael R. M.
- Abualhasan Ahmed
- Accrombessi Manfred Mario Kokou
- Acharya Dilaram
- Adabi Maryam
- Adamu Abdu A.
- Adebayo Oladimeji M.
- Adedoyin Rufus Adesoji
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adetokunboh Olatunji O.
- Adhena Beyene Meressa
- Afarideh Mohsen
- Ahmad Sohail
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmed Anwar E.
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Rushdia
- Akalu Temesgen Yihunie
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M.
- Alahdab Fares
- Alam Noore
- Alam Samiah
- Alamene Genet Melak
- Alanzi Turki M.
- Alcalde-Rabanal Jacqueline Elizabeth
- Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir
- Alijanzadeh Mehran
- Alipour Vahid
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Almasi Ali
- Almasi-Hashiani Amir
- Altirkawi Khalid A.
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Alvis-Zakzuk Nelson J.
- Amini Saeed
- Amit Arianna Maever L.
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Anjomshoa Mina
- Anoushiravani Amir
- Ansari Fereshteh
- Antonio Carl Abelardo T.
- Antony Benny
- Antriyandarti Ernoiz
- Arabloo Jalal
- Aref Hany Mohamed Amin
- Aremu Olatunde
- Armoon Bahram
- Arora Amit
- Aryal Krishna K.
- Arzani Afsaneh
- Asadi-Aliabadi Mehran
- Atalay Hagos Tasew
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Athari Seyyede Masoume
- Atre Sachin R.
- Ausloos Marcel
- Awoke Nefsu
- Ayano Getinet
- Ayanore Martin Amogre
- Aynalem Yared Asmare
- Azari Samad
- Azzopardi Peter S.
- Babaee Ebrahim
- Babalola Tesleem Kayode
- Badawi Alaa
- Bairwa Mohan
- Bakkannavar Shankar M.
- Balakrishnan Senthilkumar
- Bali Ayele Geleto
- Banach Maciej
- Banoub Joseph Adel Mattar
- Barac Aleksandra
- Barnighausen Till Winfried
- Basaleem Huda
- Basu Sanjay
- Baumann Mathew M.
- Bay Vo Dinh
- Bayati Mohsen
- Baye Estifanos
- Bedi Neeraj
- Beheshti Mahya
- Behzadifar Masoud
- Behzadifar Meysam
- Bekele Bayu Begashaw
- Belayneh Yaschilal Muche
- Bell Michelle L.
- Bennett Derrick A.
- Berbada Dessalegn Ajema
- Bernstein Robert S.
- Bhat Anusha Ganapati
- Bhattacharyya Krittika
- Bhattarai Suraj
- Bhaumik Soumyadeep
- Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
- Bijani Ali
- Bikbov Boris
- Bin Zaman Sojib
- Birihane Binyam Minuye
- Biswas Raaj Kishore
- Blacker Brigette F.
- Bohlouli Somayeh
- Bojia Hunduma Amensisa
- Boufous Soufiane
- Brady Oliver J.
- Bragazzi Nicola Luigi
- Briko Andrey Nikolaevich
- Briko Nikolay Ivanovich
- Britton Gabrielle B.
- Busse Reinhard
- Butt Zahid A.
- Camera Luis Alberto
- Campos-Nonato Ismael R.
- Cano Jorge
- Car Josip
- Cardenas Rosario
- Carvalho Felix
- Castaneda-Orjuela Carlos A.
- Castro Franz
- Chanie Wagaye Fentahun
- Chatterjee Pranab
- Chattu Vijay Kumar
- Chichiabellu Tesfaye Yitna
- Chin Ken Lee
- Christopher Devasahayam J.
- Chu Dinh-Toi
- Cormier Natalie Maria
- Costa Vera Marisa
- Culquichicon Carlos
- Daba Matiwos Soboka
- Damiani Giovanni
- Dandona Lalit
- Dandona Rakhi
- Dang Anh Kim
- Darwesh Aso Mohammad
- Darwish Amira Hamed
- Daryani Ahmad
- Das Gupta Rajat
- Das Jai K.
- Dash Aditya Prasad
- Davey Gail
- Davila-Cervantes Claudio Alberto
- Davis Adrian C.
- Davitoiu Dragos Virgil
- de Hidru Hagos Degefa
- De la Hoz Fernando Pio
- Demis Asmamaw Bizuneh
- Demissie Dereje Bayissa
- Demissie Getu Debalkie
- Demoz Gebre Teklemariam
- Denova-Gutierrez Edgar
- Deribe Kebede
- Desalew Assefa
- Deshpande Aniruddha
- Dharmaratne Samath Dhamminda
- Dhillon Preeti
- Dhimal Meghnath
- Dhungana Govinda Prasad
- Diaz Daniel
- Dipeolu Isaac Oluwafemi
- Djalalinia Shirin
- Doyle Kerrie E.
- Dubljanin Eleonora
- Duko Bereket
- Duraes Andre Rodrigues
- Edinur Hisham Atan
- Effiong Andem
- Eftekhari Aziz
- El Nahas Nevine
- El Sayed Iman
- El Tantawi Maha
- El-Jaafary Shaimaa I.
- Elema Teshome Bekele
- Elhabashy Hala Rashad
- Elkout Hajer
- Elsharkawy Aisha
- Elyazar Iqbal R. F.
- Endalamaw Aklilu
- Endalew Daniel Adane
- Eskandarieh Sharareh
- Esteghamati Alireza
- Esteghamati Sadaf
- Etemadi Arash
- Ezekannagha Oluchi
- Fareed Mohammad
- Faridnia Roghiyeh
- Farzadfar Farshad
- Fazlzadeh Mehdi
- Feigin Valery L.
- Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad
- Fernandes Eduarda
- Filip Irina
- Fischer Florian
- Foigt Nataliya A.
- Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin
- Foroutan Masoud
- Franklin Richard Charles
- Fukumoto Takeshi
- Gad Mohamed M.
- Gayesa Reta Tsegaye
- Gebre Teshome
- Gebremedhin Ketema Bizuwork
- Gebremeskel Gebreamlak Gebremedhn
- Gesesew Hailay Abrha
- Gezae Kebede Embaye
- Ghadiri Keyghobad
- Ghashghaee Ahmad
- Ghimire Pramesh Raj
- Gill Paramjit Singh
- Gill Tiffany K.
- Ginindza Themba G.
- Gomes Nelson G. M.
- Gopalani Sameer Vali
- Goulart Alessandra C.
- Goulart Barbara Niegia Garcia
- Grada Ayman
- Gubari Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen
- Gugnani Harish Chander
- Guido Davide
- Guimaraes Rafael Alves
- Guo Yuming
- Gupta Rajeev
- Hafezi-Nejad Nima
- Haile Dessalegn H.
- Hailu Gessessew Bugssa
- Haj-Mirzaian Arvin
- Haj-Mirzaian Arya
- Hamadeh Randah R.
- Hamidi Samer
- Handiso Demelash Woldeyohannes
- Haririan Hamidreza
- Hariyani Ninuk
- Hasaballah Ahmed I.
- Hasan Md Mehedi
- Hasanpoor Edris
- Hasanzadeh Amir
- Hassankhani Hadi
- Hassen Hamid
- Hawariat Feleke Gebremeskel W.
- Hay Simon I.
- Hegazy Mohamed I.
- Heibati Behzad
- Heidari Behnam
- Hendrie Delia
- Henry Nathaniel J.
- Herteliu Claudiu
- Heydarpour Fatemeh
- Hird Thomas R.
- Hoang Chi Linh
- Hoogar Praveen
- Hoseini Mohammad
- Hossain Naznin
- Hosseini Mostafa
- Hosseinzadeh Mehdi
- Househ Mowafa
- Hsairi Mohamed
- Hu Guoqing
- Hussen Mohammedaman Mama
- Ibitoye Segun Emmanuel
- Igumbor Ehimario U.
- Il Shin Jae
- Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen
- Ilic Milena D.
- Imani-Nasab Mohammad Hasan
- Iqbal Usman
- Irvani Seyed Sina Naghibi
- Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
- Iwu Chinwe Juliana
- Izadi Neda
- Jabbari Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh
- Jaca Anelisa
- Jahanmehr Nader
- Jakovljevic Mihajlo
- Jalali Amir
- Jayatilleke Achala Upendra
- Jha Ravi Prakash
- Jha Vivekanand
- Ji John S.
- Johnson Kimberly B.
- Jonas Jost B.
- Jose Bruno Piassi Sao
- Jozwiak Jacek Jerzy
- Kabir Ali
- Kabir Zubair
- Kahsay Amaha
- Kalan Mohammad Ebrahimi
- Kalani Hamed
- Kanchan Tanuj
- Karch Andre
- Karim Mohd Anisul
- Karki Hamidreza Karimi-Sari Surendra
- Karyani Ali Kazemi
- Kasaeian Amir
- Kasahun Gebremicheal Gebreslassie
- Kasahun Yawukal Chane
- Kasaye Habtamu Kebebe
- Kassa Gebrehiwot G.
- Kassa Getachew Mullu
- Kayode Gbenga A.
- Kebede Mihiretu M.
- Keiyoro Peter Njenga
- Kelbore Abraham Getachew
- Kengne Andre Pascal
- Ketema Daniel Bekele
- Khader Yousef Saleh
- Khafaie Morteza Abdullatif
- Khalid Nauman
- Khalilov Rovshan
- Khan Ejaz Ahmad
- Khan Junaid
- Khan Md Nuruzzaman
- Khan Muhammad Shahzeb
- Khatab Khaled
- Khater Amir M.
- Khater Mona M.
- Khayamzadeh Maryam
- Khazaei Mohammad
- Khazaei Salman
- Khosravi Mohammad Hossein
- Khubchandani Jagdish
- Kiadaliri Ali
- Kim Yun Jin
- Kimokoti Ruth W.
- Kisa Adnan
- Kisa Sezer
- Kissoon Niranjan
- Kochhar Sonali
- Kolola Tufa
- Komaki Hamidreza
- Kosen Soewarta
- Koul Parvaiz A.
- Koyanagi Ai
- Kraemer Moritz U. G.
- Krishan Kewal
- Kugbey Nuworza
- Kumar G. Anil
- Kumar Manasi
- Kumar Pushpendra
- Kusuma Vivek Kumar Dian
- La Vecchia Carlo
- Lacey Ben
- Lad Sheetal D.
- Lal Dharmesh Kumar
- Lam Felix
- Lami Faris Hasan
- Lamichhane Prabhat
- Lasrado Savita
- Laxmaiah Avula
- Lee Paul H.
- LeGrand Kate E.
- Leili Mostafa
- Lenjebo Tsegaye Lolaso
- Leshargie Cheru Tesema
- Levine Aubrey J.
- Li Shanshan
- Lindstedt Paulina A.
- Linn Shai
- Liu Shiwei
- Liu Simin
- Lodha Rakesh
- Longbottom Joshua
- Lopez Jaifred Christian F.
- Mahasha Phetole Walter
- Mahesh P. A.
- Mahotra Narayan B.
- Majeed Azeem
- Malekzadeh Reza
- Malta Deborah Carvalho
- Mamun Abdullah A.
- Manafi Navid
- Manda Ana Laura
- Manohar Narendar Dawani Dawanu
- Mansournia Mohammad Ali
- Mapoma Chabila Christopher
- Maravilla Joemer C.
- Martinez Gabriel
- Martini Santi
- Martins-Melo Francisco Rogerlandio
- Masaka Anthony
- Massenburg Benjamin Ballard
- Mathur Manu Raj
- Matin Behzad Karami
- Mayala Benjamin K.
- Mazidi Mohsen
- McAlinden Colm
- Meharie Birhanu Geta
- Mehndiratta Man Mohan
- Mehta Kala M.
- Mekonnen Tefera Chane
- Meles Gebrekiros Gebremichael
- Memiah Peter T. N.
- Memish Ziad A.
- Mendoza Walter
- Menezes Ritesh G.
- Mereta Seid Tiku
- Meretoja Tuomo J.
- Mestrovic Tomislav
- Mezerji Naser Mohammad Gholi
- Miazgowski Bartosz
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- Miller Ted R.
- Mini G. K.
- Mirrakhimov Erkin M.
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- Mohajer Bahram
- Mohamadi-Bolbanabad Amjad
- Mohammad Dara K.
- Mohammad Karzan Abdulmuhsin
- Mohammad Yousef
- Mohammadibakhsh Roghayeh
- Mohammadifard Noushin
- Mohammed Jemal Abdu
- Mohammed Shafiu
- Mohebi Farnam
- Mokdad Ali H.
- Molokhia Mariam
- Monasta Lorenzo
- Moodley Yoshan
- Moore Catrin E.
- Moradi Ghobad
- Moradi Masoud
- Moradi-Joo Mohammad
- Moradi-Lakeh Maziar
- Moraga Paula
- Morales Linda
- Mosapour Abbas
- Motlagh Soraya Nouraei
- Mouodi Simin
- Mousavi Seyyed Meysam
- Mozaffor Miliva
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- Nangia Vinay
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- Nascimento Bruno Ramos
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- Netsere Henok Biresaw
- Ngunjiri Josephine W.
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- Pirsaheb Meghdad
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- Pourshams Akram
- Poustchi Hossein
- Prada Sergio I.
- Prasad D. R. Mahadeshwara
- Prasad Narayan
- Preotescu Liliana
- Quintana Hedley
- Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina Ayala
- Rabiee Navid
- Rad Enayatollah Homaie
- Radfar Amir
- Rafiei Alireza
- Rahim Fakher
- Rahimi-Movaghar Afarin
- Rahimi-Movaghar Vafa
- Rahman Mohammad Hifz Ur
- Rahman Muhammad Aziz
- Rahman Shafiur
- Rajati Fatemeh
- Rana Saleem Muhammad
- Ranabhat Chhabi Lal
- Rasella Davide
- Rawaf David Laith
- Rawaf Salman
- Rawal Lal
- Rawasia Wasiq Faraz
- Reiner Robert C., Jr.
- Renjith Vishnu
- Renzaho Andre M. N.
- Resnikoff Serge
- Reta Melese Abate
- Rezaei Negar
- Rezai Mohammad Sadegh
- Riahi Seyed Mohammad
- Ribeiro Ana Isabel
- Rickard Jennifer
- Rios-Blancas Maria
- Roever Leonardo
- Ronfani Luca
- Roro Elias Merdassa
- Ross Jennifer M.
- Rubagotti Enrico
- Rubino Salvatore
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- Sabde Yogesh Damodar
- Sabour Siamak
- Sadeghi Ehsan
- Safari Yahya
- Safari-Faramani Roya
- Sagar Rajesh
- Sahebkar Amirhossein
- Sahraian Mohammad Ali
- Sajadi S. Mohammad
- Salahshoor Mohammad Reza
- Salam Nasir
- Salamati Payman
- Salem Hosni
- Salem Marwa Rashad
- Salimi Yahya
- Salimzadeh Hamideh
- Samy Abdallah M.
- Sanabria Juan
- Santric-Milicevic Milena M.
- Saraswathy Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer
- Sarkar Kaushik
- Sarker Abdur Razzaque
- Sarrafzadegan Nizal
- Sartorius Benn
- Sathian Brijesh
- Sathish Thirunavukkarasu
- Sawhney Monika
- Saxena Sonia
- Schaeffer Lauren E.
- Schwebel David C.
- Senbeta Anbissa Muleta
- Senthilkumaran Subramanian
- Sepanlou Sadaf G.
- Servan-Mori Edson
- Shabaninejad Hosein
- Shafieesabet Azadeh
- Shaikh Masood Ali
- Shalash Ali S.
- Shallo Seifadin Ahmed
- Shams-Beyranvand Mehran
- Shamsi MohammadBagher
- Shamsizadeh Morteza
- Shannawaz Mohammed
- Sharafi Kiomars
- Sharifi Hamid
- Shehata Hatem Samir
- Sheikh Aziz
- Shetty B. Suresh Kumar
- Shibuya Kenji
- Shiferaw Wondimeneh Shibabaw
- Shifti Desalegn Markos
- Shigematsu Mika
- Shiri Rahman
- Shirkoohi Reza
- Shivakumar K. M.
- Siabani Soraya
- Siddiqi Tariq Jamal
- Silva Diego Augusto Santos
- Singh Ambrish
- Singh Jasvinder A.
- Singh Narinder Pal
- Singh Virendra
- Sisay Malede Mequanent
- Skiadaresi Eirini
- Sobhiyeh Mohammad Reza
- Sokhan Anton
- Soltani Shahin
- Somayaji Ranjani
- Soofi Moslem
- Sorrie Muluken Bekele
- Soyiri Ireneous N.
- Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T.
- Sudaryanto Agus
- Sufiyan Mu'awiyyah Babale
- Suleria Hafiz Ansar Rasul
- Sultana Marufa
- Sunguya Bruno Fokas
- Sykes Bryan L.
- Tabares-Seisdedos Rafael
- Tabuchi Takahiro
- Tadesse Degena Bahrey
- Tarigan Ingan Ukur
- Tasew Aberash Abay
- Tefera Yonatal Mesfin
- Tekle Merhawi Gebremedhin
- Temsah Mohamad-Hani
- Tesfay Berhe Etsay
- Tesfay Fisaha Haile
- Tessema Belay
- Tessema Zemenu Tadesse
- Thankappan Kavumpurathu Raman
- Thomas Nihal
- Toma Alemayehu
- Topor-Madry Roman
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Traini Eugenio
- Tran Bach Xuan
- Tran Khanh Bao
- Ullah Irfan
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Usman Muhammad Shariq
- Uzochukwu Benjamin S. Chudi
- Valdez Pascual R.
- Van Lansingh Charles
- Varughese Santosh
- Velasquez Ilais Moreno
- Violante Francesco S.
- Vollmer Sebastian
- Waheed Yasir
- Wallin Mitchell Taylor
- Wang Yafeng
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Weaver Marcia
- Weji Bedilu Girma
- Weldesamuel Girmay Teklay
- Welgan Catherine A.
- Werdecker Andrea
- Westerman Ronny
- Wiangkham Taweewat
- Wiens Kirsten E.
- Wiysonge Charles Shey
- Wolde Haileab Fekadu
- Wondafrash Dawit Zewdu
- Wonde Tewodros Eshete
- Worku Getasew Taddesse
- Wu Ai-Min
- Xu Gelin
- Yadollahpour Ali
- Yamada Tomohide
- Yatsuya Hiroshi
- Yeshaneh Alex
- Yilgwan Christopher Sabo
- Yilma Mekdes Tigistu
- Yip Paul
- Yisma Engida
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Yoon Seok-Jun
- Younis Mustafa Z.
- Yousefifard Mahmoud
- Yousof Hebat-Allah Salah A.
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yusefzadeh Hasan
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zaidi Zoubida
- Zaki Maysaa El Sayed
- Zamani Mohammad
- Zandian Hamed
- Zepro Nejimu Biza
- Zerfu Taddese Alemu
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhao Xiu-Ju George
- Ziapour Arash
- Zodpey Sanjay
- Zuniga Yves Miel H.
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2020
- Field of study
Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Ababneh Hazim S
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdelwahab Ahmed
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahifar Mohammad-Amin
- Abdoun Meriem
- Abdulah Deldar Morad
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abebe Mesfin
- Abebe Samrawit Shawel
- Abedi Aidin
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abhilash E S
- Abidi Hassan
- Abiodun Olumide
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abolmaali Meysam
- Abouzid Mohamed
- Aboye Girma Beressa
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abrha Woldu Aberhe
- Abtahi Dariush
- Abu Rumeileh Samir
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen ME
- Abu-Zaid Ahmed
- Abualruz Hasan
- Abubakar Bilyaminu
- Aburuz Salahdein
- Accrombessi Manfred Mario Kokou
- Adal Tadele Girum
- Adamu Abdu A
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Addolorato Giovanni
- Adebiyi Akindele Olupelumi
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun
- Adetunji Juliana Bunmi
- Adeyeoluwa Temitayo Esther
- Adeyinka Daniel Adedayo
- Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel
- Admass Biruk Adie Adie
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adra Saryia
- Afolabi Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Afzal Saira
- Agampodi Suneth Buddhika
- Agasthi Pradyumna
- Aggarwal Manik
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agide Feleke Doyore
- Agodi Antonella
- Agrawal Anurag
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Muayyad M
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmad Shahzaib
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmadzade Amir Mahmoud
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Mehrunnisha Sharif
- Ahmed Meqdad Saleh
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Aji Budi
- Akara Essona Matatom
- Akbarialiabad Hossein
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akinyemiju Tomi
- Akkaif Mohammed Ahmed
- Akyirem Samuel
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Azzam Sayer
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Maweri Sadeq Ali Ali
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M
- Al-Omari Basem
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Alahdab Fares
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Alalwan Tariq A
- Alam Khurshid
- Alam Manjurul
- Alam Noore
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M
- Albakri Almaza
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Alcalde-Rabanal Jacqueline Elizabeth
- Aldawsari Khalifah A
- Aldhaleei Wafa A
- Aldridge Robert W
- Alema Haileselasie Berhane
- Alemayohu Mulubirhan Assefa
- Alemi Sharifullah
- Alemu Yihun Mulugeta
- Alhabib Khalid F
- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
- Ali Abid
- Ali Amjad
- Ali Liaqat
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Shahid
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Alicandro Gianfranco
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Alikhani Reyhaneh
- Alimohamadi Yousef
- Aliyi Ahmednur Adem
- Aljasir Mohammad A M
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alla François
- Allebeck Peter
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Almidani Louay
- Almidani Omar
- Alomari Mahmoud A
- Alonso Jordi
- Alqahtani Jaber S
- Alqalyoobi Shehabaldin
- Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen
- Altaany Zaid
- Altaf Awais
- Altirkawi Khalid A
- Aluh Deborah Oyine
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Alwafi Hassan
- Aly Hany
- Aly Safwat
- Alzoubi Karem H
- Amani Reza
- Amare Azmeraw T
- Amegbor Prince M
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amin Tarek Tawfik
- Amindarolzarbi Alireza
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amirzade-Iranaq Mohammad Hosein
- Amu Hubert
- Amugsi Dickson A
- Amusa Ganiyu Adeniyi
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Anderson David B
- Andrade Pedro Prata
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Andrei Tudorel
- Angus Colin
- Anil Abhishek
- Anil Sneha
- Anoushiravani Amir
- Ansari Hossein
- Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
- Ansariadi Ansariadi
- Antony Catherine M
- Antriyandarti Ernoiz
- Anvari Davood
- Anvari Saeid
- Anwar Saleha
- Anwar Sumadi Lukman
- Anwer Razique
- Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward
- Aqeel Muhammad
- Arab Juan Pablo
- Arabloo Jalal
- Arafat Mosab
- Aravkin Aleksandr Y
- Areda Demelash
- Aremu Abdulfatai
- Aremu Olatunde
- Ariffin Hany
- Arkew Mesay
- Armocida Benedetta
- Arndt Michael Benjamin
- Arooj Mahwish
- Artamonov Anton A
- Arulappan Judie
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Arumugam Ashokan
- Asaad Malke
- Asadi-Lari Mohsen
- Asgedom Akeza Awealom
- Asghari-Jafarabadi Mohammad
- Asghariahmadabad Mona
- Ashraf Muhammad
- Aslani Armin
- Astell-Burt Thomas
- Athar Mohammad
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atinafu Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye
- Atlaw Habtamu Wondmagegn
- Atorkey Prince
- Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi
- Atreya Alok
- Aujayeb Avinash
- Ausloos Marcel
- Avan Abolfazl
- Awedew Atalel Fentahun
- Aweke Amlaku Mulat
- Ayala Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina
- Ayatollahi Haleh
- Ayuso-Mateos Jose L
- Ayyoubzadeh Seyed Mohammad
- Azadnajafabad Sina
- Azevedo Rui M S
- Azzam Ahmed Y
- B Darshan B
- Babu Abraham Samuel
- Badar Muhammad
- Badiye Ashish D
- Baghdadi Soroush
- Bagheri Nasser
- Bagherieh Sara
- Bah Sulaiman
- Bahadorikhalili Saeed
- Bahmanziari Najmeh
- Bai Ruhai
- Baig Atif Amin
- Baker Jennifer L
- Bako Abdulaziz T
- Bakshi Ravleen Kaur
- Balakrishnan Senthilkumar
- Balasubramanian Madhan
- Baltatu Ovidiu Constantin
- Bam Kiran
- Banach Maciej
- Bandyopadhyay Soham
- Banik Palash Chandra
- Bansal Hansi
- Bansal Kannu
- Barbic Franca
- Barchitta Martina
- Bardhan Mainak
- Bardideh Erfan
- Barker-Collo Suzanne Lyn
- Barone-Adesi Francesco
- Barqawi Hiba Jawdat
- Barrero Lope H
- Barrow Amadou
- Barteit Sandra
- Barua Lingkan
- Basharat Zarrin
- Bashiri Azadeh
- Basiru Afisu
- Baskaran Pritish
- Basnyat Buddha
- Bassat Quique
- Basso João Diogo
- Basting Ann V L
- Basu Sanjay
- Batra Kavita
- Baune Bernhard T
- Bayati Mohsen
- Bayileyegn Nebiyou Simegnew
- Beaney Thomas
- Bedi Neeraj
- Beghi Massimiliano
- Behboudi Emad
- Behera Priyamadhaba
- Behnoush Amir Hossein
- Behzadifar Masoud
- Beiranvand Maryam
- Bejarano Ramirez Diana Fernanda
- Belay Sefealem Assefa
- Belete Chalie Mulu
- Bell Michelle L
- Bello Muhammad Bashir
- Bello Olorunjuwon Omolaja
- Belo Luis
- Beloukas Apostolos
- Bender Rose Grace
- Bensenor Isabela M
- Beran Azizullah
- Berezvai Zombor
- Berhie Alemshet Yirga
- Berice Betyna N
- Bernstein Robert S
- Bertolacci Gregory J
- Bettencourt Paulo J G
- Beyene Kebede A
- Bhagat Devidas S
- Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth
- Bhala Neeraj
- Bhalla Ashish
- Bhandari Dinesh
- Bhangdia Kayleigh
- Bhardwaj Nikha
- Bhardwaj Pankaj
- Bhardwaj Prarthna V
- Bhargava Ashish
- Bhaskar Sonu
- Bhat Vivek
- Bhatti Gurjit Kaur
- Bhatti Jasvinder Singh
- Bhatti Manpreet S
- Bhatti Rajbir
- Bhutta Zulfiqar A
- Bikbov Boris
- Bishai Jessica Devin
- Bisignano Catherine
- Bisulli Francesca
- Biswas Atanu
- Biswas Bijit
- Bitaraf Saeid
- Bitew Bikes Destaw
- Bitra Veera R
- Bjørge Tone
- Boachie Micheal Kofi
- Boampong Mary Sefa
- Bobirca Anca Vasilica
- Bodolica Virginia
- Bodunrin Aadam Olalekan
- Bogale Eyob Ketema
- Bogale Kassawmar Angaw
- Bohlouli Somayeh
- Bolarinwa Obasanjo Afolabi
- Boloor Archith
- Bonakdar Hashemi Milad
- Bonny Aime
- Bora Basara Berrak
- Bora Kaustubh
- Borhany Hamed
- Borzutzky Arturo
- Bouaoud Souad
- Boustany Antoine
- Boxe Christopher
- Boyko Edward J
- Brady Oliver J
- Braithwaite Dejana
- Brant Luisa C
- Brauer Michael
- Brazinova Alexandra
- Brazo-Sayavera Javier
- Breitborde Nicholas J K
- Breitner Susanne
- Brenner Hermann
- Briko Andrey Nikolaevich
- Briko Nikolay Ivanovich
- Britton Gabrielle
- Brown Julie
- Brugha Traolach
- Bulamu Norma B
- Bulto Lemma N
- Buonsenso Danilo
- Burns Richard A
- Busse Reinhard
- Bustanji Yasser
- Butt Nadeem Shafique
- Butt Zahid A
- Bärnighausen Till Winfried
- Béjot Yannick
- Caetano dos Santos Florentino Luciano
- Calina Daniela
- Campos Luciana Aparecida
- Campos-Nonato Ismael R
- Cao Chao
- Cao Yin
- Capodici Angelo
- Carr Sinclair
- Carreras Giulia
- Carrero Juan J
- Carugno Andrea
- Carvalheiro Cristina G
- Carvalho Felix
- Carvalho Márcia
- Castaldelli-Maia Joao Mauricio
- Castañeda-Orjuela Carlos A
- Castelpietra Giulio
- Catalá-López Ferrán
- Catapano Alberico L
- Cattaruzza Maria Sofia
- Cederroth Christopher R
- Cegolon Luca
- Cembranel Francieli
- Cenderadewi Muthia
- Cercy Kelly M
- Cerin Ester
- Cevik Muge
- Chadwick Joshua
- Chahine Yaacoub
- Chakraborty Chiranjib
- Chakraborty Promit Ananyo
- Chan Jeffrey Shi Kai
- Chan Raymond N C
- Chandika Rama Mohan
- Chandrasekar Eeshwar K
- Chang Chin-Kuo
- Chang Jung-Chen
- Chanie Gashaw Sisay
- Charalampous Periklis
- Chattu Vijay Kumar
- Chaturvedi Pankaj
- Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou Victoria
- Chaurasia Akhilanand
- Chen An-Tian
- Chen Angela W
- Chen Catherine S
- Chen Haowei
- Chen Meng Xuan
- Chen Simiao
- Cheng Ching-Yu
- Cheng Esther T W
- Cherbuin Nicolas
- Cheru Wondimye Ashenafi
- Chien Ju-Huei
- Chimed-Ochir Odgerel
- Chimoriya Ritesh
- Ching Patrick R
- Chirinos-Caceres Jesus Lorenzo
- Chitheer Abdulaal
- Cho William C S
- Chong Bryan
- Chopra Hitesh
- Choudhari Sonali Gajanan
- Chowdhury Rajiv
- Christopher Devasahayam J
- Chukwu Isaac Sunday
- Chung Eric
- Chung Erin
- Chung Eunice
- Chung Sheng-Chia
- Chutiyami Muhammad
- Cindi Zinhle
- Cioffi Iolanda
- Claassens Mareli M
- Claro Rafael M
- Coberly Kaleb
- Cogen Rebecca M
- Columbus Alyssa
- Comfort Haley
- Conde Joao
- Cortese Samuele
- Cortesi Paolo Angelo
- Costa Vera Marisa
- Costanzo Simona
- Cousin Ewerton
- Couto Rosa A S
- Cowden Richard G
- Cramer Kenneth Michael
- Criqui Michael H
- Cruz-Martins Natália
- Cuadra-Hernández Silvia Magali
- Culbreth Garland T
- Cullen Patricia
- Cunningham Matthew
- Curado Maria paula
- Cámera Luis Alberto
- Cárdenas Rosario
- D'Oria Mario
- Dadana Sriharsha
- Dadras Omid
- Dai Siyu
- Dai Xiaochen
- Dai Zhaoli
- Dalli Lachlan L
- Damiani Giovanni
- Darega Gela Jiregna
- Das Jai K
- Das Saswati
- Das Subasish
- Dascalu Ana Maria
- Dash Nihar Ranjan
- Dashti Mohsen
- Dastiridou Anna
- Davey Gail
- Davis Weaver Nicole
- Davletov Kairat
- De Leo Diego
- de Luca Katie
- Debele Aklilu Tamire
- Debopadhaya Shayom
- Degenhardt Louisa
- Dehghan Azizallah
- Deitesfeld Lee
- Del Bo' Cristian
- Delgado-Enciso Ivan
- Demessa Berecha Hundessa
- Demetriades Andreas K
- Deng Ke
- Deng Xinlei
- Denova-Gutiérrez Edgar
- Deravi Niloofar
- Dereje Nebiyu
- Dervenis Nikolaos
- Dervišević Emina
- Des Jarlais Don C
- Desai Hardik Dineshbhai
- Desai Rupak
- Devanbu Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan
- Dewan Syed Masudur Rahman
- Dhali Arkadeep
- Dhama Kuldeep
- Dhimal Meghnath
- Dhingra Sameer
- Dhulipala Vishal R
- Dias da Silva Diana
- Diaz Daniel
- Diaz Michael J
- Dima Adriana
- Ding Delaney D
- Ding Huanghe
- Dinis-Oliveira Ricardo Jorge
- Dirac M Ashworth
- Djalalinia Shirin
- do Prado Camila Bruneli
- Do Thao Huynh Phuong
- Doaei Saeid
- Dodangeh Masoud
- Dodangeh Milad
- Dohare Sushil
- Dokova Klara Georgieva
- Dolecek Christiane
- Dominguez Regina-Mae Villanueva
- Dong Wanyue
- Dongarwar Deepa
- Dorostkar Fariba
- Dorsey E Ray
- dos Santos Wendel Mombaque
- Doshi Rajkumar
- Doshmangir Leila
- Dowou Robert Kokou
- Driscoll Tim Robert
- Dsouza Haneil Larson
- Dsouza Viola
- Du Mi
- Dube John
- Duncan Bruce B
- Duraes Andre Rodrigues
- Duraisamy Senbagam
- Durojaiye Oyewole Christopher
- Dwyer-Lindgren Laura
- Dzianach Paulina Agnieszka
- Dziedzic Arkadiusz Marian
- Dávila-Cervantes Claudio Alberto
- E'mar Abdel Rahman
- Eboreime Ejemai
- Ebrahimi Alireza
- Echieh Chidiebere Peter
- Edinur Hisham Atan
- Edvardsson David
- Edvardsson Kristina
- Efendi Defi
- Efendi Ferry
- Effendi Diyan Ermawan
- Eikemo Terje Andreas
- Eini Ebrahim
- Ekholuenetale Michael
- Ekundayo Temitope Cyrus
- El Sayed Iman
- El-Huneidi Waseem
- Elbarazi Iffat
- Elema Teshome Bekele
- Elemam Noha Mousaad
- Elgar Frank J
- Elgendy Islam Y
- ElGohary Ghada Metwally Tawfik
- Elhabashy Hala Rashad
- Elhadi Muhammed
- Elilo Legesse Tesfaye
- Elmeligy Omar Abdelsadek Abdou
- Elmonem Mohamed A
- Elshaer Mohammed
- Elsohaby Ibrahim
- Emeto Theophilus I
- Engelbert Bain Luchuo
- Erkhembayar Ryenchindorj
- Esezobor Christopher Imokhuede
- Eshrati Babak
- Eskandarieh Sharareh
- Espinosa-Montero Juan
- Esubalew Habtamu
- Etaee Farshid
- Fabin Natalia
- Fadaka Adewale Oluwaseun
- Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis
- Fahim Ayesha
- Fahimi Saman
- Fakhri-Demeshghieh Aliasghar
- Falzone Luca
- Fareed Mohammad
- Farinha Carla Sofia e Sá
- Faris MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud
- Faris Pawan Sirwan
- Faro Andre
- Fasanmi Abidemi Omolara
- Fatehizadeh Ali
- Fattahi Hamed
- Fauk Nelsensius Klau
- Fazeli Pooria
- Feigin Valery L
- Feizkhah Alireza
- Fekadu Ginenus
- Feng Xiaoru
- Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad
- Feroze Abdullah Hamid
- Ferrante Daniela
- Ferrari Alize J
- Ferreira Nuno
- Fetensa Getahun
- Feyisa Bikila Regassa
- Filip Irina
- Fischer Florian
- Flavel Joanne
- Flood David
- Florin Bobirca Teodor
- Foigt Nataliya A
- Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin
- Fomenkov Artem Alekseevich
- Foroutan Behzad
- Foroutan Masoud
- Forthun Ingeborg
- Fortuna Daniela
- Foschi Matteo
- Fowobaje Kayode Raphael
- Francis Kate Louise
- Franklin Richard Charles
- Freitas Alberto
- Friedman Joseph
- Friedman Sara D
- Fukumoto Takeshi
- Fuller John E
- Fux Blima
- Gaal Peter Andras
- Gadanya Muktar A
- Gaidhane Abhay Motiramji
- Gaihre Santosh
- Gakidou Emmanuela
- Galali Yaseen
- Galles Natalie C
- Gallus Silvano
- Ganbat Mandukhai
- Gandhi Aravind P
- Ganesan Balasankar
- Ganiyani Mohammad Arfat
- Garcia-Gordillo MA
- Gardner William M
- Garg Jalaj
- Garg Naval
- Gautam Rupesh K
- Gbadamosi Semiu Olatunde
- Gebi Tilaye Gebru
- Gebregergis Miglas W
- Gebrehiwot Mesfin
- Gebremeskel Teferi Gebru
- Georgescu Simona Roxana
- Getachew Tamirat
- Gething Peter W
- Getie Molla
- Ghadiri Keyghobad
- Ghahramani Sulmaz
- Ghailan Khalid Yaser
- Ghasemi Mohammad-Reza
- Ghasempour Dabaghi Ghazal
- Ghasemzadeh Afsaneh
- Ghashghaee Ahmad
- Ghassemi Fariba
- Ghazy Ramy Mohamed
- Ghimire Ajnish
- Ghoba Sama
- Gholamalizadeh Maryam
- Gholamian Asadollah
- Gholamrezanezhad Ali
- Gholizadeh Nasim
- Ghorbani Vajargah Pooyan
- Ghorbani Mahsa
- Ghoshal Aloke Gopal
- Gill Paramjit Singh
- Gill Tiffany K
- Gillum Richard F
- Ginindza Themba G
- Girmay Alem
- Glasbey James C
- Gnedovskaya Elena V
- Godinho Myron Anthony
- Goel Amit
- Golchin Ali
- Goldust Mohamad
- Golechha Mahaveer
- Goleij Pouya
- Gomes Nelson G M
- Gona Philimon N
- Gopalani Sameer Vali
- Gorini Giuseppe
- Goudarzi Houman
- Goulart Alessandra C
- Goulart Bárbara Niegia Garcia
- Goyal Anmol
- Grada Ayman
- Graham Simon Matthew
- Grivna Michal
- Grosso Giuseppe
- Guan Shi-Yang
- Guarducci Giovanni
- Gubari Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen
- Gudeta Mesay Dechasa
- Guha Avirup
- Guicciardi Stefano
- Guimarães Rafael Alves
- Gulati Snigdha
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- Senthilkumaran Subramanian
- Sepanlou Sadaf G
- Serban Dragos
- Sethi Yashendra
- Sha Feng
- Shabany Maryam
- Shafaat Amir
- Shafie Mahan
- Shah Nilay S
- Shah Pritik A
- Shah Syed Mahboob
- Shahabi Saeed
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- Shahid Izza
- Shahid Samiah
- Shahid Wajeehah
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- Shahwan Moyad Jamal
- Shaikh Ahmed
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- Shakeri Alireza
- Shalash Ali S
- Sham Sunder
- Shamim Muhammad Aaqib
- Shams-Beyranvand Mehran
- Shamshad Hina
- Shamsi Mohammad Anas
- Shanawaz Mohd
- Shankar Abhishek
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- Sharifan Amin
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- Sharma Rajesh
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- Sharma Ujjawal
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- Shastry Rajesh P
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- Sheikh Aziz
- Sheikhi Rahim Ali
- Shen Jiabin
- Shetty Adithi
- Shetty B Suresh Kumar
- Shetty Pavanchand H
- Shi Peilin
- Shibuya Kenji
- Shiferaw Desalegn
- Shigematsu Mika
- Shin Min-Jeong
- Shin Youn Ho
- Shiri Rahman
- Shirkoohi Reza
- Shitaye Nebiyu Aniley
- Shittu Aminu
- Shiue Ivy
- Shivakumar K M
- Shivarov Velizar
- Shokraneh Farhad
- Shokri Azad
- Shool Sina
- Shorofi Seyed Afshin
- Shrestha Sunil
- Shuval Kerem
- Siddig Emmanuel Edwar
- Silva João Pedro
- Silva Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues
- Silva Soraia
- Simpson Colin R
- Singal Anjali
- Singh Abhinav
- Singh Balbir Bagicha
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- Singh Narinder Pal
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- Sirota Sarah Brooke
- Sitas Freddy
- Sivakumar Shravan
- Skryabin Valentin Yurievich
- Skryabina Anna Aleksandrovna
- Sleet David A
- Socea Bogdan
- Sokhan Anton
- Solanki Ranjan
- Solanki Shipra
- Soleimani Hamidreza
- Soliman Sameh S M
- Song Suhang
- Song Yimeng
- Sorensen Reed J D
- Soriano Joan B
- Soyiri Ireneous N
- Spartalis Michael
- Spearman Sandra
- Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T
- Srivastava Vijay Kumar
- Stanaway Jeffrey D
- Stanikzai Muhammad Haroon
- Stark Benjamin A
- Starnes Joseph R
- Starodubova Antonina V
- Stein Caroline
- Stein Dan J
- Steinbeis Fridolin
- Steiner Caitlyn
- Steinmetz Jaimie D
- Steiropoulos Paschalis
- Stevanović Aleksandar
- Stockfelt Leo
- Stokes Mark A
- Stortecky Stefan
- Subramaniyan Vetriselvan
- Suleman Muhammad
- Suliankatchi Abdulkader Rizwan
- Sultana Abida
- Sun Haitong Zhe
- Sun Jing
- Sundström Johan
- Sunkersing David
- Sunnerhagen Katharina S
- Swain Chandan Kumar
- Szarpak Lukasz
- Szeto Mindy D
- Szócska Miklós
- Tabaee Damavandi Payam
- Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael
- Tabatabaei Malazy Ozra
- Tabatabaei Seyyed Mohammad
- Tabatabaeizadeh Seyed-Amir
- Tabatabai Shima
- Tabish Mohammad
- TADAKAMADLA JYOTHI
- Tadakamadla Santosh Kumar
- Taheri Abkenar Yasaman
- Taheri Soodejani Moslem
- Taiba Jabeen
- Takahashi Ken
- Talaat Iman M
- Talukder Ashis
- Tampa Mircea
- Tamuzi Jacques Lukenze
- Tan Ker-Kan
- Tandukar Sarmila
- Tang Haosu
- Tang Hong K
- Tarigan Ingan Ukur
- Tariku Mengistie Kassahun
- Tariqujjaman Md
- Tarkang Elvis Enowbeyang
- Tavakoli Oliaee Razieh
- Tavangar Seyed Mohammad
- Taveira Nuno
- Tefera Yibekal Manaye
- Temsah Mohamad-Hani
- Temsah Reem Mohamad Hani
- Teramoto Masayuki
- Tesler Riki
- Teye-Kwadjo Enoch
- Thakur Rishu
- Thangaraju Pugazhenthan
- Thankappan Kavumpurathu Raman
- Tharwat Samar
- Thayakaran Rasiah
- Thomas Nihal
- Thomas Nikhil Kenny
- Thomson Azalea M
- Thrift Amanda G
- Thum Chern Choong Chern
- Thygesen Lau Caspar
- Tian Jing
- Tichopad Ales
- Ticoalu Jansje Henny Vera
- Tillawi Tala
- Tiruye Tenaw Yimer
- Titova Mariya Vladimirovna
- Tonelli Marcello
- Topor-Madry Roman
- Toriola Adetunji T
- Torre Anna E
- Touvier Mathilde
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Tran Jasmine T
- Tran Nghia Minh
- Trico Domenico
- Tromans Samuel Joseph
- Truyen Thien Tan Tri Tai
- Tsatsakis Aristidis
- Tsegay Guesh Mebrahtom
- Tsermpini Evangelia Eirini
- Tumurkhuu Munkhtuya
- Tung Kang
- Tyrovolas Stefanos
- Uddin Sayed Mohammad Nazim
- Udoakang Aniefiok John
- Udoh Arit
- Ullah Atta
- Ullah Irfan
- Ullah Saeed
- Ullah Sana
- Umakanthan Srikanth
- Umeokonkwo Chukwuma David
- Unim Brigid
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Unsworth Carolyn Anne
- Upadhyay Era
- Urso Daniele
- Usman Jibrin Sammani
- Vahabi Seyed Mohammad
- Vaithinathan Asokan Govindaraj
- Valizadeh Rohollah
- Van de Velde Sarah M
- Van den Eynde Jef
- Varga Orsolya
- Vart Priya
- Varthya Shoban Babu
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vasic Milena
- Vaziri Siavash
- Vellingiri Balachandar
- Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
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- Verma Madhur
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- Verras Georgios-Ioannis
- Vervoort Dominique
- Villafañe Jorge Hugo
- Villanueva Gabriela Ines
- Vinayak Manish
- Violante Francesco S
- Viskadourou Maria
- Vladimirov Sergey Konstantinovitch
- Vlassov Vasily
- Vo Bay
- Vollset Stein Emil
- Vongpradith Avina
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- Vujcic Isidora S
- Vukovic Rade
- Wafa Hatem A
- Waheed Yasir
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- Wang Shu
- Wang Song
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- Waqas Muhammad
- Ward Paul
- Wassie Emebet Gashaw
- Watson Stefanie
- Watson Stephanie Louise Watson
- Weerakoon Kosala Gayan
- Wei Melissa Y
- Weintraub Robert G
- Weiss Daniel J
- Westerman Ronny
- Whisnant Joanna L
- Wiangkham Taweewat
- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Wilandika Angga
- Wilkerson Caroline
- Willeit Peter
- Wilson Shadrach
- Wojewodzic Marcin W
- Woldegebreal Demewoz H
- Wolf Axel Walter
- Wolfe Charles D A
- Wondimagegene Yohannes Addisu
- Wong Yen Jun
- Wongsin Utoomporn
- Wool Eve E
- Wu Ai-Min
- Wu Chenkai
- Wu Felicia
- Wu Xinsheng
- Wu Zenghong
- Xia Juan
- Xiao Hong
- Xie Yang
- Xu Suowen
- Xu Wang-Dong
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Xu Yvonne Yiru
- Yadollahpour Ali
- Yamagishi Kazumasa
- Yang Danting
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yao Yao
- Yaribeygi Habib
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yehualashet Sisay Shewasinad
- Yesiltepe Metin
- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yezli Saber
- Yi Siyan
- Yigezu Amanuel
- Yip Paul
- Yismaw Malede Berihun
- Yismaw Yazachew
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Yoon Seok-Jun
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yousefi Zabihollah
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yuh Faith H
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zadnik Vesna
- Zafari Nima
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zaman Sojib Bin
- Zamora Nelson
- Zand Ramin
- Zangiabadian Moein
- Zar Heather J
- Zare Iman
- Zarrintan Armin
- Zeariya Mohammed G M
- Zeinali Zahra
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Jianrong
- Zhang Jingya
- Zhang Liqun
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhu Bin
- Zhu Lei
- Ziafati Makan
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zitoun Osama A
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Zou Zhiyong
- Zuhlke Liesl J
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zweck Elric
- Zyoud Samer H
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Šekerija Mario
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/04/2024
- Field of study
BackgroundRegular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations.MethodsThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds.FindingsThe leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles.InterpretationLong-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere
MAPPING LOCAL PATTERNS OF CHILDHOOD OVERWEIGHT AND WASTING IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES BETWEEN 2000 AND 2017
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- 20/04/2020
- Field of study
A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic