Tuberculosis in HIV-infected children in Europe, Thailand and Brazil: paediatric TB-HIV EuroCoord study

SETTING: Centres participating in the Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA), including Thailand and Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence, presentation, treatment and treatment outcomes of tuberculosis (TB) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children. DESIGN: Observational study of TB diagnosed in HIV-infected children in 2011–2013. RESULTS: Of 4265 children aged <16 years, 127 (3%) were diagnosed with TB: 6 (5%) in Western Europe, 80 (63%) in Eastern Europe, 27 (21%) in Thailand and 14 (11%) in Brazil, with estimated TB incidence rates of respectively 239, 982, 1633 and 2551 per 100 000 person-years (py). The majority (94%) had acquired HIV perinatally. The median age at TB diagnosis was 6.8 years (interquartile range 3.0–11.5). Over half (52%) had advanced/severe World Health Organization stage immunodeficiency; 67 (53%) were not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) at TB diagnosis. Preventive anti-tuberculosis treatment was given to 23% (n = 23) of 102 children diagnosed with HIV before TB. Eleven children had unfavourable TB outcomes: 4 died, 5 did not complete treatment, 1 had recurrent TB and 1 had an unknown outcome. In univariable analysis, previous diagnosis of acquired immune-deficiency syndrome, not being virologically suppressed on ART at TB diagnosis and region (Brazil) were significantly associated with unfavourable TB outcomes. CONCLUSION: Most TB cases were from countries with high TB prevalence. The majority (91%) had favourable outcomes. Universal ART and TB prophylaxis may reduce missed opportunities for TB prevention

Типологія внутрішньоорганізаційних процесів у закладах системи соціальної роботи

The starting point of the article is the understanding that one of the most important features of modern research finding is the emergence of interdisciplinary work. Prominent among the latter, in author’s opinion, take up works with the subject which is on the verge of sociology and philosophy of management, management of social work and quality. The relevance of the past defined the development of principles of service country in Ukraine, developing social services, the need to improve the performance of providers of the latter. The purpose of the publication is to analyze the types of organizational processes to ensure implementation of the mission socially work institution. It is emphasized that the product of socially work institution is service. Providing it is a consequence of the internal organizational processes. However, the author notes that this processes are complex associated and they make fuzzy line between formal and informal sectors routine workforce. However, this is the situation, in his opinion, regardless of the internal set of social norms and values can personalize responsibility and professional relationships without significantly reducing of the rationality goal. It is proved that in the daily life of the collective labor of any organization, including socially oriented people, we can distinguish two areas ­ formal and informal. Describing the first area author emphasizes that within it are staff units, divisions or departments whose activities are coordinated and deliberately created by direction towards a common goal of instrumentally rational. In this area implemented behaviors and relationships that provided early and for legal reasons. The main feature of the formal sector, as defined in the article, is the presence of a coherent and general procedures specified individual units of the organization. Based on this, the author concludes that in the labor group of social institution in his inner life, the dynamics defined processes are not always directly related to the final product. As stated in the article, as they occur in the formal and informal sectors institution correlated with standard management functions and structure of the latter, as well as ensuring its integrity and social self­sufficiency. However, the main focus of the publication focuses on the processes of communication, decision making, implementation of power and influence, conflict management. In everyday these processes are not rigidly delineated by typical feature and create diversity of combinatorial forms. Research of the relationship of instrumentally rational and attractive qualities in them will determine not only the nature of the subculture employees socially oriented institution, but may be a prerequisite for the theoretical reproduction of social image of their professional competence. Статья раскрывает проблему динамики повседневного функционирования учреждений сферы социальной работы. Определено, что продуктом учреждений указанного типа является социальная услуга, которая выступает квинтэссенцией внутриорганизационной жизнедеятельности. Установлено, что внутриорганизационные процессы обеспечивают предоставление социальной услуги. В соответствии со сферами организационной жизни заведения сферы социальной работы предложена их типология. Критериальной основой последней стали сущность, алгоритм, акторы процессов. Охарактеризованы, таким образом, коммуникативный процесс, а также принятие решений, управление конфликтом, реализации власти и влияния. Особое внимание уделено вопросу их социального наполнения. Процессы в коммуникативном пространстве учреждения сферы социальной  работы  охарактеризованы как ключевые для понимания сущности внутриорганизационной динамики. Подчеркнуто, что структура отношений в этой разновидности социального пространства может не совпадать с формальной иерархией системы управления организации. Процессы принятия решений, управление конфликтами, реализации власти и влияния, в этом русле, рассматриваются как отличные от макроорганизационной административной динамики. Характеристика их позволяет создать основу для анализа эффективности стиля управления социальноориентированной организацией. Стаття розкриває проблему динаміки повсякденного функціонування закладів сфери соціальної роботи. Визначено, що продуктом установ означеного типу є соціальна послуга, яка виступає квінтесенцією внутрішньоорганізаційного життя. Встановлено, що внутрішньоорганізаційні процеси забезпечують надання соціальної послуги. Відповідно до сфер організаційного життя закладу сфери соціальної роботи запропонована їх типологія. Критеріальною основою останньої стали сутність, алгоритм, актори процесів. Охарактеризовані, таким чином, комунікативний процес, а також прийняття рішень, управління конфліктом, реалізації влади та впливу. Особлива увага приділена питанню їх соціального наповнення. Процеси в комунікативному просторі закладу сфери соціальної роботи охарактеризовані як ключові для розуміння сутності внутрішньоорганізаційної динаміки. Підкреслено, що структура відносин у цьому різновиді соціального простору може незбігаються з формальною ієрархією системи управління організації. Процеси прийняття рішень, управління конфліктами, реалізації влади та впливу, в цьому руслі, розглядаються як відмінні від макроорганізаційної адміністративної динаміки. Характеристика їх дозволяє створити підґрунтя для аналізу ефективності стилю управління соціально орієнтованою організацією.

Use of finite difference method for numerical solution of three-dimensional heat transfer fractional differential equation

The paper proposes a numerical solution for the mixed problem concerning a three-dimensional heat transfer fractional differential equation, based on the finite difference method. To solve this problem, an explicit difference scheme described in the paper is used. The stability of a proposed difference scheme is proved. The case of homogeneous medium and a square grid is considere

Scattered Light Measurement for the Birefringence Distribution Estimations

The technique based on the digital processing of recorded scattered light distribution enabling for the measurement of the birefringence profile in non-uniform anisotropic materials was proposed. Keywords: measurement technique, birefringence distribution, scattered light, tempered glas

The complex light-curve of the afterglow of GRB071010A

We present and discuss the results of an extensive observational campaign devoted to GRB071010A, a long-duration gamma-ray burst detected by the Swift satellite. This event was followed for almost a month in the optical/near-infrared (NIR) with various telescopes starting from about 2min after the high-energy event. Swift-XRT observations started only later at about 0.4d. The light-curve evolution allows us to single out an initial rising phase with a maximum at about 7min, possibly the afterglow onset in the context of the standard fireball model, which is then followed by a smooth decay interrupted by a sharp rebrightening at about 0.6d. The rebrightening was visible in both the optical/NIR and X-rays and can be interpreted as an episode of discrete energy injection, although various alternatives are possible. A steepening of the afterglow light curve is recorded at about 1d. The entire evolution of the optical/NIR afterglow is consistent with being achromatic. This could be one of the few identified GRB afterglows with an achromatic break in the X-ray through the optical/NIR bands. Polarimetry was also obtained at about 1d, just after the rebrightening and almost coincident with the steepening. This provided a fairly tight upper limit of 0.9% for the polarized-flux fraction.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, MNRAS, in pres

The complex light-curve of the afterglow of GRB071010A

We present and discuss the results of an extensive observational campaign devoted to GRB071010A, a long-duration gamma-ray burst detected by the Swift satellite. This event was followed for almost a month in the optical/near-infrared (NIR) with various telescopes starting from about 2min after the high-energy event. Swift-XRT observations started only later at about 0.4d. The light-curve evolution allows us to single out an initial rising phase with a maximum at about 7min, possibly the afterglow onset in the context of the standard fireball model, which is then followed by a smooth decay interrupted by a sharp rebrightening at about 0.6d. The rebrightening was visible in both the optical/NIR and X-rays and can be interpreted as an episode of discrete energy injection, although various alternatives are possible. A steepening of the afterglow light curve is recorded at about 1d. The entire evolution of the optical/NIR afterglow is consistent with being achromatic. This could be one of the few identified GRB afterglows with an achromatic break in the X-ray through the optical/NIR bands. Polarimetry was also obtained at about 1d, just after the rebrightening and almost coincident with the steepening. This provided a fairly tight upper limit of 0.9% for the polarized-flux fraction.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, MNRAS, in pres

Pan-STARRS and PESSTO search for an optical counterpart to the LIGO gravitational-wave source GW150914

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Oxford University Press via http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1893We searched for an optical counterpart to the first gravitational wave source discovered by LIGO (GW150914), using a combination of the Pan-STARRS1 wide-field telescope and the PESSTO spectroscopic follow-up programme. As the final LIGO sky maps changed during analysis, the total probability of the source being spatially coincident with our fields was finally only 4.2 per cent. Therefore we discuss our results primarily as a demonstration of the survey capability of Pan-STARRS and spectroscopic capability of PESSTO. We mapped out 442 square degrees of the northern sky region of the initial map. We discovered 56 astrophysical transients over a period of 41 days from the discovery of the source. Of these, 19 were spectroscopically classified and a further 13 have host galaxy redshifts. All transients appear to be fairly normal supernovae and AGN variability and none is obviously linked with GW150914. We illustrate the sensitivity of our survey by defining parameterised lightcurves with timescales of 4, 20 and 40 days and use the sensitivity of the Pan-STARRS1 images to set limits on the luminosities of possible sources. The Pan-STARRS1 images reach limiting magnitudes of $\textit{i}$$_{P\rceil}$ = 19.2, 20.0 and 20.8 respectively for the three timescales. For long timescale parameterised lightcurves (with FWHM≃40d) we set upper limits of $\textit{M}$$_{i}$ ≤ −17.2$^{−0.9}_{+1.4}$ if the distance to GW150914 is $\textit{D}_{\lfloor}$ = 400 ± 200 Mpc. The number of type Ia SN we find in the survey is similar to that expected from the cosmic SN rate, indicating a reasonably complete efficiency in recovering supernova like transients out to $\textit{D}_{\lfloor}$ = 400 ± 200 Mpc.Pan-STARRS is supported by the University of Hawaii and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Planetary Defense Office under Grant No. NNX14AM74G. The Pan-STARRS-LIGO effort is in collaboration with the LIGO Consortium and supported by Queen's University Belfast. The Pan-STARRS1 Sky Surveys have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. This work is based (in part) on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, Chile as part of PESSTO, (the Public ESO Spectroscopic Survey for Transient Objects Survey) ESO programs 188.D-3003, 191.D-0935. Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the Palomar Observatory, California Institute of Technology. SJS acknowledges funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC Grant agreement no [291222] and STFC grants ST/I001123/1 and ST/L000709/1. MF is supported by the European Union FP7 programme through ERC grant number 320360. KM acknowledges support from the STFC through an Ernest Rutherford Fellowship FOE acknowledges support from FONDECYT through postdoctoral grant 3140326. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation

A SEARCH for AN OPTICAL COUNTERPART to the GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE EVENT GW151226

We present a search for an electromagnetic counterpart of the gravitational-wave source GW151226. Using the Pan-STARRS1 telescope we mapped out 290 square degrees in the optical $i_{P1}$ filter, starting 11.5 hr after the LIGO information release and lasting for an additional 28 days. The first observations started 49.5 hr after the time of the GW151226 detection. We typically reached sensitivity limits of $i_{P1}$ = 20.3–20.8 and covered 26.5% of the LIGO probability skymap. We supplemented this with ATLAS survey data, reaching 31% of the probability region to shallower depths of $m \simeq$ 19. We found 49 extragalactic transients (that are not obviously active galactic nuclei), including a faint transient in a galaxy at 7 Mpc (a luminous blue variable outburst) plus a rapidly decaying M-dwarf flare. Spectral classification of 20 other transient events showed them all to be supernovae. We found an unusual transient, PS15dpn, with an explosion date temporally coincident with GW151226, that evolved into a type Ibn supernova. The redshift of the transient is secure at $z$ = 0.1747 ± 0.0001 and we find it unlikely to be linked, since the luminosity distance has a negligible probability of being consistent with that of GW151226. In the 290 square degrees surveyed we therefore do not find a likely counterpart. However we show that our survey strategy would be sensitive to NS–NS mergers producing kilonovae at $D_L \lesssim$ 100 Mpc, which is promising for future LIGO/Virgo searches.NASA (Grant IDs: NNX08AR22G, NNX12AR65G, NNX14AM74G, NNX12AR55G), EU/FP7-ERC (Grant IDs: 291222, 307260, 320360, 615929), a Weizmann-UK Making Connections Grant, STFC (Ernest Rutherford Fellowship), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (Sofia Kovalevskaja Award), National Science Foundation (Grant ID: AST-1238877)This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Institute of Physics Publishing via http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/827/2/L4

Localization and Broadband Follow-Up of the Gravitational-Wave Transient GW150914

A gravitational-wave (GW) transient was identified in data recorded by the Advanced Laser InterferometerGravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) detectors on 2015 September 14. The event, initially designated G184098and later given the name GW150914, is described in detail elsewhere. By prior arrangement, preliminary estimatesof the time, significance, and sky location of the event were shared with 63 teams of observers covering radio,optical, near-infrared, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths with ground- and space-based facilities. In this Letter wedescribe the low-latency analysis of the GW data and present the sky localization of the first observed compactbinary merger. We summarize the follow-up observations reported by 25 teams via private Gamma-rayCoordinates Network circulars, giving an overview of the participating facilities, the GW sky localizationcoverage, the timeline, and depth of the observations. As this event turned out to be a binary black hole merger,there is little expectation of a detectable electromagnetic (EM) signature. Nevertheless, this first broadbandcampaign to search for a counterpart of an Advanced LIGO source represents a milestone and highlights the broadcapabilities of the transient astronomy community and the observing strategies that have been developed to pursueneutron star binary merger events. Detailed investigations of the EM data and results of the EM follow-upcampaign are being disseminated in papers by the individual teams