The Experience of Emotional Well-being of the Elderly People Residing in Nursing Homes: A Phenomenological Study

Introduction: One of the important areas of elderly mental health is experiencing their emotional well-being. Small number of quantitative researches has been conducted on the concept of subjective well-being. However, qualitative researches have not been conducted in this area in order to understand the different aspects of emotional well-being. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to study the experiences of the elderly people living in the nursing homes in order to understand the nature of emotional well-being better. Method: This study was conducted with a qualitative approach, using phenomenological methodology. Researchers used deep and sequential interviews as a research tool to describe the life experience. Overall, in this study, 20 elderly who lived in the nursing homes of Kerman, Iran, were studied by using targeted sampling during a 10-month period. The collected data were analyzed using Schutz’s method and classified in form of primary sample phrases, subthemes, and main themes. Results: The findings of this study revealed two main themes of emotional energy (with themes of feeling social vitality, feeling loving-kindness), and emotional depression (with themes of frustration and traumatic life experiences) and twelve subthemes. Conclusion: The senior participators in the study have experienced both emotional energy and depression during the time in nursing homes. It seems that three major factors, namely attention to their emotional and spiritual needs in nursing homes, social interactions with people inside and outside of nursing homes, and their physical condition played an important role in creating the experience of emotional well-being of the elderly. Keywords: Emotion, Well-being, Elderly, Nursing home

The Comparison of Biomechanical Volar and Dorsal Plating in Distal Part Radius Fractures; a Finite Element Analysis Study

Objective: To compare the stability of the radius stabilized fractured parts by volar and dorsal planting based on modeling approach. Methods: Ten forearm models were created based on Computed Tomography (CT) Scan images by using of Mimics software. The distal part fracture of radius was induced in the models. The stress were developed and implanted in various parts of the bone and and their displacement were evaluated in volar and dorsal inserted implants. Results: The results of this study showed that the stress developed in screws, implant and bony parts differed significantly between volar and dorsal plate conditions. The displacement of implant and bony parts in volar plating was more than dorsal plating (p=0.05). However, the screws displacement in dorsal plating significantly increased compared to volar plating. Conclusion: The stress developed in dorsal and volar implants is not too high to fail the structure. However, it seems that the irritation of soft tissue and tendon would be less in volar inserted implant than dorsal implant. It is recommended to use valor plating to be a good approach for stabilizing the distal part fracture of radius

Caspian Sea Mycosands: The Variety and Abundance of Medically Important Fungi in Beach Sand and Water

Samples from a total of 67 stations, distributed amongst 32 cities along the Caspian Sea coastline, were collected during the summer of 2021 on sunny days. The samples were collected from each station, including both dry/wet sand and shoreline water. The grown samples were primarily analyzed for the macro/microscopic morphologic features of the fungi. Moreover, identification by PCR-RFLP was performed for yeasts, dermatophytes, and Aspergillus sp. strains. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed for probable-isolated Aspergillus and Candida sp. A total of 268 samples were collected, from which 181 (67.54%) isolates were recovered. Yeast-like fungi and potential pathogenic black fungi were detected in 12 (6.6%) and 20 (11%) of the sand (dry/wet) samples. Potential pathogenic hyaline fungi were identified in 136 (75.1%) samples, in which Aspergillus sp. was the predominant genus and was detected in 76/136 (47.8%) samples as follows: A. section Flavi n = 44/76 (57.9%), A. section Nigri n = 19/76 (25%), A. section Nidulantes n = 9/76 (11.8%), and A. section Fumigati n = 4/76 (5.3%). The most effective azole antifungal agent was different per section: in A. section Fumigati, PSZ; in Aspergillus section Nigri, ITZ and ISZ; in A. section Flavi, EFZ; and in A. section Nidulantes, ISZ. Candida isolates were susceptible to the antifungals tested.Authors wish to thank Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences for the financial support.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

The Value of Children to Iranian Parents

What do parents feel the value of children might be? Using rational choice theory, the effect of having children was measured by their aggregate social, economic and emotional value. The results show that age, gender, occupation and the experience of having raised a child did not correlate with the value of children. However, marital status, family size, family income and especially religiosity all play a meaningful part in determining the value of children

The Role of Ethical Standards in Applied Sociology

Introduction Since the last decade, scientists, ordinary people and politicians have become increasingly aware of the importance of ethics in social research. Scientists, especially social scientists, found that the lack of ethics in the science may threaten the coherence, integrity and establishment of social research. Because in a sense science is constituted by society and relies on public financial and spiritual support, social scientists have social responsibility and they should get involved in a kind of research which is based on society and its characteristics. Therefore, we should pay more attention to social interests. Giving that we can say science has many social and professional aspects. Methods and Materials This paper attempts to show the importance of ethical standards in applied sociology as well as in solving social problems. Our research methodology is of non-experimental research and secondary analysis. Accordingly, we present the questions of the research as follow: 1)What are the reasons by which ethics become very important for applied sociology? 2)How can ethical standards help us to reach at a successful practice of applied sociology? 3)What is the ethical responsibility of applied sociology for clients? 4)How do ethical standards can help to solve social problems? 5)What is the ethical responsibility of sociologists in research and social intervention? Discussion of Results and Conclusions This paper examines the role and importance of ethical standards in applied sociology. Applied ethics discusses the ways we use the normative ethical theories about different affairs. Also, applied ethics explicitly focuses on the objective and detailed things and it attempts to solve the ethical problems. Moreover, ethics implicitly includes practical norms by which we can distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. Ethical norms are very widespread so that sometimes we imagine that it is a part of common sense. They provide a series of ethical principles and rules that constitute the underpinnings of professional practice and responsibilities. These are used as guiding principles. These principles constitute a system of normative judgment for sociologists. These also guide us to a series of principles that sociologists may be faced with them in their professions. A series of professional associations accepted some of the ethical rules and strategies about the ethical behavior and the ways of empowerment of it. These rules summarize the principles and strategies that sociologists should be followed in their everyday professional activities. These rules are consisted of professional competency, integrity, scientific and ethical responsibility, respect for human rights and dignity and accepting variety and social responsibility. In general, applied ethics includes individual sphere as well as the social sphere. Applied ethics in the individual sphere consisted of family ethics, personal relationship such as friendship with others as well as relationship with the young and the elderly. Applied ethics in social sphere includes biotechnology, medicine, political, legal, and media issues, sports and so on. Applied sociology is a branch of sociology whose mission is to use theories and methods of sociology to directly intervene in social affairs and bring positive social change for solving social problems. Such sociological practice recognize benefits of direct engagement and intervention of sociology in the process of planning and problem solving to create social changes. Sociological practice as a model is a subset of sociological practice in general. One of the main points of sociological practice is to use applied social research and give clients the needed information by experts. This information is applied to describe social systems, problematic issues and problems that must be solved. The characteristic of such sociological practice is that it actively participates in the cliental systems , that it may be a part of a team group that use a sociological insight to help come up with applied strategies for change and solving problems. Therefore, as an agent of intervention and change, sociological practice include the active and ongoing participation of all experts and they should attempt to work with clients. Thus sociological practice includes a structuring formula by which it provides required instruments. Individuals and groups attempt to communicate with each other in order to get help and solve social problems. Ethics include principles and standards that constitute the basis of professional responsibilities and activities and these should be taking as guiding principles. These laws should supervise research procedures and be prepared to suggest ways of responding to complaints about unethical behavior. We recommend that there are five principles in different fields that sociologists should follow. They include: professional competency, integrity, scientific and ethical responsibilities, respect for the rights and status of humans and accepting their diversity

The effect of a powered ankle foot orthosis on walking in a stroke subject: a case study

[Purpose] Standing and walking are impaired in stroke patients. Therefore, assisted devices are required to restore their walking abilities. The ankle foot orthosis with an external powered source is a new type of orthosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a powered ankle foot orthosis compared with unpowered orthoses in a stroke patient. [Subjects and Methods] A single stroke subject participated in this study. The subject was fitted with three types of ankle foot orthosis (powered, posterior leg spring, and carbon ankle foot orthoses). He was asked to walk with and without the three types of orthoses, and kinetic and kinematic parameters were measured. [Results] The results of the study showed that the moments applied on the ankle, knee, and hip joints increased while walking with the powered ankle foot orthosis. [Conclusion] As the powered ankle foot orthosis influences the moments of the ankle, knee, and hip joints, it can increase the standing and walking abilities of stroke patients more than other available orthoses. Therefore, it is recommended to be used in rehabilitation programs for stroke patients

Spiritual Health through Pilgrimage Therapy: A Qualitative Study

Background and Objectives: Going on a pilgrimage for spiritual and religious purposes is not a new phenomenon and can be considered one of the oldest tourism typologies. This form of travel is related to the task social perception, which is stronger than leisure or pleasure. The purpose of this ethnographic study was to study how spiritual well-being is achieved through pilgrimages trips. Methods: This qualitative research was carried out using ethnographic methodology. Data collection was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 30 female tourists. Purposive sampling was conducted in pilgrimage sites in Shiraz. Participants were selected according to certain features including pilgrimage experience, gender, and sex. The data were analyzed by thematic analysis. Results: The results indicated that pilgrimage consisted of seven themes: relationship, spiritual relaxation, self-sacrifice, Loving others, hope and optimism, coping with problems, and excellence. Ultimately, the global theme of the social-spiritual empowerment was developed. Conclusion: Nowadays, pilgrimage plays a very effective role in the spiritual and social empowerment of people such that they not only manage to reduc

Researching Subjective Meaning System of Music Consumers

The purpose of this qualitative study is to explain the subjective meaning system of consumers of the popular music. Participants in this study include 21 students (male and female) living in dormitories of Shiraz University. Researches use qualitative approach of grounded theory. Technique of data collection has been in-depth interviews. Data have been analyzed with qualitative software called NVIVO. Analyze the data and paradigmatic model shows that the grounded condition for participants, including “spatial texture” of accommodation based on a subset of locality plus time coordination, participant’s age necessitation, collective identity. Meanwhile, global market trends and fashionism influence as interfering conditions. Participants placed in these conditions, take developed and alternative musical factor and increased mental absenteeism quotient. As a result of taking this strategy, the consequences of idio-sensuation (image of the other) [alter image]self-reincarnation and psychology projection will be introduced. Idio-sensuation naturally implies that the participant initiate music consumption in such a manner as to bring in their own personal mental images as contrasted with other’s which in itself possess multifarious dimensions having been in a state of fluctuation in between two diverse pole of psychological projection and self-reincarnation