Desenvolvimento de fêmeas leiteiras mediante o uso de leite cru ou sucedâneo

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and economical viability of dairy females in lactating phase receiving raw milk or commercial substitute. The experiment was carried out in dairy farms in Paraná southwest region. Thirty-two new-born calves were used until the weaning, sixteen in each treatment. After weaning fourteen calves were used, seven in each treatment. For both treatments black and white Holstein animals were used. The experiment was carried out from March/2012 to August/2013. Two treatments were evaluated, one feeding the calves with raw milk and the other based on milk substitute. Weight gain, chest girth, abdominal girth, withers height, rump height, rump length, rump width, rump girth, and animal body width were measured. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed for all the evaluated morphological variables. Although the cost of the substitute is inferior during lactation, the producer has to pay attention to the necessary equipment and the time taken for the proper preparation and animal feeding. The use of milk substitute ensures good performance and morphological development when compared to using raw milk.O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o desempenho e viabilidade econômica de fêmeas leiteiras em fase de aleitamento recebendo leite cru ou sucedâneo comercial. O experimento foi conduzido em propriedades leiteiras da região sudoeste do Paraná. Utilizaram-se 32 bezerras recém-nascidas até o desmame, sendo 16 em cada tratamento. Posterior ao desmame utilizou-se 14 bezerras, sendo sete em cada tratamento. Para ambos os tratamentos foram usados animais da raça Holandês preto e branco. O experimento foi realizado no período de março/2012 a agosto/2013. Avaliaram-se dois tratamentos, sendo uma alimentação das bezerras com leite cru e o outro à base de sucedâneo do leite. Foi aferido o ganho de peso, perímetro torácico, perímetro abdominal, a altura de cernelha, altura de garupa, comprimento de garupa, largura de garupa, perímetro de garupa e o comprimento corporal do animal. Não foram observadas diferenças (p>0,05) para nenhuma das variáveis morfológicas. Embora o custo do sucedâneo seja inferior durante o aleitamento, o produtor tem que atentar aos equipamentos necessários e o tempo despendido para o adequado preparo e fornecimento aos animais. A utilização de sucedâneo lácteo garante desempenho e bom desenvolvimento morfométrico quando comparado ao uso do leite cru

Supplementation with green tea and oregano extracts on productive characteristics, blood metabolites, and antioxidant status of Jersey cows during the transition period

Plant extracts have been recognized as beneficial to human health and have been evaluated as feed additive for domestic and companion animals. This study evaluated oregano and green tea extracts fed to Jersey cows from approximately 21 d before calving to 21 d after calving on milk production, milk composition, and blood metabolites as well as investigated immunological and antioxidant attributes. Twenty-four Jersey cows with 441±27 kg of BW, 3.5±0.3 of body condition score (BCS), and 2.7±1.8 lactations were selected at approximately 28d before the expected parturition date and were randomly assigned to three treatments with eight cows each: without plant extracts in diet (control – CON), addition of 10g per day of oregano extract (OR), and addition of 5g per day of green tea extract (GT). Feed intake, BW, BCS, blood metabolites, hemogram as well as oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated from approximately 3 weeks prepartum to 3 weeks postpartum (transition period) while milk production and composition were evaluated during the first 3 weeks of lactation. Plant extracts did not change BW, BCS, and DM intake (DMI) throughout the transition period, but OR increased in approximately 20% total digestive nutrients and metabolizable energy intake on days 15 and 16 postpartum compared with CON. In the prepartum, OR increased in 48% platelets count compared to the CON, while GT augmented in 142% eosinophils compared with CON. Oregano extract reduced the levels of reactive species in the erythrocytes in 40% during prepartum and postpartum compared with CON, while GT reduced its levels in 24 and 29% during prepartum and postpartum, respectively, when compared with CON. In the postpartum period, OR increased in 60% the carbonylated protein content compared with CON, while GT reduced in 45% the levels of reactive species in plasma compared with CON. During the postpartum, both extracts increased in 33% the concentration of reduced glutathione when compared with CON. Moreover, GT tended to decrease feed efficiency in 11% when compared with CON; OE reduced milk pH and somatic cell count when compared with CON. In conclusion, OE and GT did not expressively affect immunological attributes in blood but reduce some oxidative stress biomarkers without compromising productive traits of Jersey cows during the transition period

Development of dairy females by using raw milk or milk substitute

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and economical viability of dairy females in lactating phase receiving raw milk or commercial substitute. The experiment was carried out in dairy farms in Paraná southwest region. Thirty-two new-born calves were used until the weaning, sixteen in each treatment. After weaning fourteen calves were used, seven in each treatment. For both treatments black and white Holstein animals were used. The experiment was carried out from March/2012 to August/2013. Two treatments were evaluated, one feeding the calves with raw milk and the other based on milk substitute. Weight gain, chest girth, abdominal girth, withers height, rump height, rump length, rump width, rump girth, and animal body width were measured. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed for all the evaluated morphological variables. Although the cost of the substitute is inferior during lactation, the producer has to pay attention to the necessary equipment and the time taken for the proper preparation and animal feeding. The use of milk substitute ensures good performance and morphological development when compared to using raw milk.O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o desempenho e viabilidade econômica de fêmeas leiteiras em fase de aleitamento recebendo leite cru ou sucedâneo comercial. O experimento foi conduzido em propriedades leiteiras da região sudoeste do Paraná. Utilizaram-se 32 bezerras recém-nascidas até o desmame, sendo 16 em cada tratamento. Posterior ao desmame utilizou-se 14 bezerras, sendo sete em cada tratamento. Para ambos os tratamentos foram usados animais da raça Holandês preto e branco. O experimento foi realizado no período de março/2012 a agosto/2013. Avaliaram-se dois tratamentos, sendo uma alimentação das bezerras com leite cru e o outro à base de sucedâneo do leite. Foi aferido o ganho de peso, perímetro torácico, perímetro abdominal, a altura de cernelha, altura de garupa, comprimento de garupa, largura de garupa, perímetro de garupa e o comprimento corporal do animal. Não foram observadas diferenças (p>0,05) para nenhuma das variáveis morfológicas. Embora o custo do sucedâneo seja inferior durante o aleitamento, o produtor tem que atentar aos equipamentos necessários e o tempo despendido para o adequado preparo e fornecimento aos animais. A utilização de sucedâneo lácteo garante desempenho e bom desenvolvimento morfométrico quando comparado ao uso do leite cru

Plant extracts supplied to pre-weaned dairy calves influence their redox status

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the separate provision of green and oregano tea extracts on the biomarkers of the redox state and health condition in pre-weaned Jersey calves from birth to 60 days of life. Two experiments following the complete randomized design with measures repeated in time were carried out using 38 Jersey calves (17 and 21 calves in experiments 1 and 2, respectively). Calves were distributed according to date of birth into one of three groups: control (CON) - with no addition of extracts; oregano extract (OE) - addition of 70 mg of oregano extract/kg of body weight (BW) and green tea extract (GT) - addition of 35 mg of green tea extract/kg of BW. Eight biomarkers of the redox state were evaluated on days 1, 30, and 60 after birth, and variables measured on day 1 were used as covariates. Body temperature and occurrence of diarrhea were evaluated every two days. Regarding the main results, the supply of oregano extract reduced the concentration of oxidizing biomarkers, such as DCFP (oxidation of dichlorofluorescein in plasma) and carbonyl, and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as GPx and catalase. Green tea extract only reduced DCFP and tended to improve catalase activity. Calves remained healthy (no fever and only a few days with diarrhea), and plant extracts did not improve their health condition. The addition of green tea and oregano extracts into the diet has a positive effect on redox status in pre-weaned Jersey calves

Climate Change, Coral Reef Ecosystems, and Management Options for Marine Protected Areas

Marine protected areas (MPAs) provide place-based management of marine ecosystems through various degrees and types of protective actions. Habitats such as coral reefs are especially susceptible to degradation resulting from climate change, as evidenced by mass bleaching events over the past two decades. Marine ecosystems are being altered by direct effects of climate change including ocean warming, ocean acidification, rising sea level, changing circulation patterns, increasing severity of storms, and changing freshwater influxes. As impacts of climate change strengthen they may exacerbate effects of existing stressors and require new or modified management approaches; MPA networks are generally accepted as an improvement over individual MPAs to address multiple threats to the marine environment. While MPA networks are considered a potentially effective management approach for conserving marine biodiversity, they should be established in conjunction with other management strategies, such as fisheries regulations and reductions of nutrients and other forms of land-based pollution. Information about interactions between climate change and more “traditional” stressors is limited. MPA managers are faced with high levels of uncertainty about likely outcomes of management actions because climate change impacts have strong interactions with existing stressors, such as land-based sources of pollution, overfishing and destructive fishing practices, invasive species, and diseases. Management options include ameliorating existing stressors, protecting potentially resilient areas, developing networks of MPAs, and integrating climate change into MPA planning, management, and evaluation

In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries

The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., "If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others") or potential gains (e.g., "If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others")? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent across 84 countries, three variations of the message framing wording, and 560 data processing and analytic choices. Thus, results provide an empirical answer to a global communication question and highlight the emotional toll of loss-framed messages. Critically, this work demonstrates the importance of considering unintended affective consequences when evaluating nudge-style interventions

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Significance Communicating in ways that motivate engagement in social distancing remains a critical global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study tested motivational qualities of messages about social distancing (those that promoted choice and agency vs. those that were forceful and shaming) in 25,718 people in 89 countries. The autonomy-supportive message decreased feelings of defying social distancing recommendations relative to the controlling message, and the controlling message increased controlled motivation, a less effective form of motivation, relative to no message. Message type did not impact intentions to socially distance, but people’s existing motivations were related to intentions. Findings were generalizable across a geographically diverse sample and may inform public health communication strategies in this and future global health emergencies. Abstract Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e. a controlling message) compared to no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly-internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared to the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly-internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing: Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges