A relação entre crescimento econômico e competitividade: um estudo sobre a capacidade de previsão do Global Competitiveness Report

With studies that come from the middle 80’s, the World Economic Forum (WEF) publishes annually his Global Competitiveness Índex (GCI), an indicator of national competitiveness that considers both, macro and micro economic factors. The basic purpose of this paper is to test statistically the capacity of foresight and explanation of the indicators of competitiveness of the WEF, regarding the Gross National Product (GNP) and its capacity to influence the variations of the national product of each nation in the future, weighted by their stage of development. Considering the existence, according to the definition of the WEF (2007), a straight relation between competitiveness and economic prosperity (generated proxy of GNP), we looked to understand if the global indicator of competitiveness is statistically connected with the generation of product. To test this hypothesis, it used the modeling of the ordinary least squares (MQO). In general, indicators of competitiveness still have a low capacity to explain the variations and the behavior of GDP. In addition, for the GCI, we tested the ability of the basic, efficiency and innovation indexes to determine the GDP. Corroborating the various theoretical backgrounds that argue that innovation is the primary way for a nation to earn economic growth and development, the sub-indicators of innovation (innovation index) were those with the largest capacity of determination on the GDP in all groups. Despite the various problems found, these indicators are still a good “thermometer” of the changes in a country and in its competitive environment. Key words: economic development, growth, competitiveness, degree of adjustment.Com estudos desde meados da década de 80, o World Economic Forum (WEF) publica anualmente o seu Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), um indicador de competitividade nacional que considera tanto fatores macro como microeconômicos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo fundamental deste artigo é testar estatisticamente a capacidade de previsão e de explicação dos indicadores de competitividade do WEF em relação ao produto interno bruto e à sua capacidade de influenciar as variações do produto interno futuro da nação, isso ponderado pelo seu estágio de desenvolvimento. Segundo a definição do próprio WEF (2007), existe uma relação direta entre competitividade e prosperidade econômica (proxy produto interno bruto gerado). Assim, busca-se compreender se os indicadores de competitividade estão estatisticamente relacionados com a geração de produto. Para testar essa hipótese, utilizou-se a modelagem econométrica dos mínimos quadrados ordinários (MQO). No geral, os indicadores de competitividade ainda apresentam um baixo poder explicativo para as variações e os comportamentos do PIB. Além disso, para o GCI, foram testadas a capacidade de determinação do PIB dos basic, efficiency e innovation indexes. Corroborando as diversas linhas teóricas que defendem que a inovação é o principal meio de uma nação auferir crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico, os subindicadores de inovação (innovation index) foram os que apresentaram maior capacidade de determinação sobre o PIB em todos os grupos analisados. Apesar de diversos problemas encontrados, esses indicadores ainda são bons instrumentos de medida das mudanças ocorridas em um país em seu ambiente competitivo. Palavras-chave: desenvolvimento econômico, crescimento, competitividade, grau de ajuste

"Procura-se escravo. Gratifica-se a quem encontrar": a publicidade a serviço da escravidão no Jornal O Parahybuna (1838-1839)

O presente artigo tem o objetivo de mapear e compreender as peças publicitárias que envolvem escravidão e que foram veiculadas na imprensa de Barbacena (MG), especificamente no jornal O Parahybuna, em 1837 e 1838. Este foi o primeiro periódico da cidade e, mesmo de duração efêmera, trata-se de importante documento histórico para compreender a publicidade na cidade. O interesse da pesquisa está em mapear e descrever as peças comerciais descritas anteriormente e analisar os consequentes imaginários sociodiscursivos, em uma dimensão sociohistórica. O percurso teórico está alicerçado nos conceitos de ethos para Amossy (2008) e Charaudeau (2008). Paralelamente, investiga-se a questão estética da publicidade brasileira no Século XIX

Hemorragia pós-parto: abordagens multidisciplinares não cirúrgicas para reduzir a morbimortalidade materna

A hemorragia pós-parto (HPP) é uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade materna em todo o mundo. Estratégias eficazes e abordagens multidisciplinares são essenciais para reduzir o impacto dessa complicação obstétrica grave. Este estudo teve como objetivo revisar as abordagens multidisciplinares não cirúrgicas para reduzir a morbimortalidade materna associada à hemorragia pós-parto, destacando a importância da colaboração entre diferentes profissionais de saúde. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura, incluindo estudos que avaliaram intervenções multidisciplinares na prevenção e manejo da HPP. Foram pesquisadas bases de dados eletrônicas, como PubMed, Scielo e Lilacs, utilizando termos relacionados à hemorragia pós-parto e abordagens multidisciplinares. Diversas abordagens multidisciplinares não cirúrgicas têm sido eficazes na redução da morbimortalidade materna relacionada à hemorragia pós-parto. Entre essas abordagens, destacam-se o uso de uterotônicos, compressão uterina manual, manejo ativo da terceira fase do trabalho de parto e educação da equipe de saúde. Conclusão: Abordagens multidisciplinares não cirúrgicas desempenham um papel crucial na redução da morbimortalidade materna relacionada à hemorragia pós-parto. A colaboração entre diferentes profissionais de saúde, juntamente com a implementação de protocolos de prevenção e tratamento, é fundamental para melhorar os desfechos maternos e reduzir a incidência de complicações graves pós-parto

COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE DOENÇA DE PLUMMER E DOENÇA DE GRAVES: DIFERENÇAS CLÍNICAS, DIAGNÓSTICAS E TERAPÊUTICAS.

Plummer's Disease and Graves' Disease are prevalent hyperthyroid conditions with distinct pathophysiological mechanisms. While Plummer's Disease is characterized by autonomous nodules that produce hormones independently of TSH, Graves' Disease is an autoimmune condition with diffuse thyroid stimulation due to antibodies against the TSH receptor. Methodology: The research was conducted through online access to scientific databases such as Google Scholar, National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Virtual Health Library (BVS), and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO) for article selection, using keywords present in the descriptors: Plummer's Disease, Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid Ultrasonography, Graves' Disease, TSH Receptor Antibodies, and Exophthalmos. Results: Patients with Plummer's Disease present insidious hyperthyroid symptoms associated with palpable thyroid nodules, diagnosed by scintigraphy showing heterogeneous uptake. In Graves' Disease, in addition to the classic signs of hyperthyroidism, exophthalmos and other autoimmune symptoms are common, with diagnosis confirmed by TSH receptor antibodies and scintigraphy with diffuse uptake. Treatments for Plummer's Disease include radioactive iodine therapy and surgery, while for Graves' Disease, the initial approach is with antithyroid medications, followed by radioactive iodine therapy or surgery in refractory cases. Final considerations: Differentiating between Plummer's Disease and Graves' Disease is essential for effective treatment. Plummer's Disease requires interventions focused on hyperfunctioning nodules, while Graves' Disease necessitates a comprehensive approach that includes managing autoimmune manifestations. Personalized treatment based on the specific etiology of hyperthyroidism is crucial to optimizing therapeutic outcomes and patient quality of life. Keywords: Hyperthyroidism, Plummer's Disease, Graves' Disease, Differential Diagnosis, Thyroid Therapies, AutoimmunityA Doença de Plummer e a Doença de Graves são condições prevalentes de hipertireoidismo com distintos mecanismos patofisiológicos. Enquanto a Doença de Plummer é caracterizada por nódulos autônomos que produzem hormônios independentemente do TSH, a Doença de Graves é uma condição autoimune com estimulação difusa da tireoide devido a anticorpos contra o receptor de TSH. Metodologia:A pesquisa foi realizada através do acesso online nas bases de dados científicos como: Google Scholar, National Library  of Medicine(PubMed), Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e Scientific  Electronic  Library  Online(SCIELO) para seleção dos artigos, através de palavras-chave presentes nos descritoresPlummer's Disease, Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid Ultrasonography, Graves' Disease, TSH Receptor Antibodies e Exophthalmos. Resultados:  Pacientes com Doença de Plummer apresentam sintomas insidiosos de hipertireoidismo associados a nódulos tireoidianos palpáveis, diagnosticados por cintilografia mostrando captação heterogênea. Na Doença de Graves, além dos sinais clássicos de hipertireoidismo, são comuns exoftalmia e outros sintomas autoimunes, com diagnóstico confirmado por anticorpos antirreceptor de TSH e cintilografia com captação difusa. Tratamentos para Doença de Plummer incluem iodoterapia radioativa e cirurgia, enquanto para Doença de Graves, a abordagem inicial é com medicamentos antitireoidianos, seguidos de iodoterapia ou cirurgia em casos refratários.Considerações Finais: A diferenciação entre Doença de Plummer e Doença de Graves é essencial para um tratamento eficaz. A Doença de Plummer requer intervenções focadas nos nódulos hiperfuncionantes, enquanto a Doença de Graves necessita de uma abordagem ampla que inclui o manejo das manifestações autoimunes. A personalização do tratamento baseada na etiologia específica do hipertireoidismo é fundamental para otimizar os resultados terapêuticos e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background: A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97\ub71 (95% UI 95\ub78-98\ub71) in Iceland, followed by 96\ub76 (94\ub79-97\ub79) in Norway and 96\ub71 (94\ub75-97\ub73) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18\ub76 (13\ub71-24\ub74) in the Central African Republic, 19\ub70 (14\ub73-23\ub77) in Somalia, and 23\ub74 (20\ub72-26\ub78) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91\ub75 (89\ub71-93\ub76) in Beijing to 48\ub70 (43\ub74-53\ub72) in Tibet (a 43\ub75-point difference), while India saw a 30\ub78-point disparity, from 64\ub78 (59\ub76-68\ub78) in Goa to 34\ub70 (30\ub73-38\ub71) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4\ub78-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20\ub79-point to 17\ub70-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17\ub72-point to 20\ub74-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view-and subsequent provision-of quality health care for all populations

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8-98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9-97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5-97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1-24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3-23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2-26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1-93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4-53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6-68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3-38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view - and subsequent provision - of quality health care for all populations

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

BACKGROUND: A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. METHODS: Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita