Arystotelesa poszukiwania idealnego ustroju państwowego

Der Artikel stellt die Auffassungen von Aristoteles zum Thema der Staatsform der griechischen Polis dar. Aristoteles kritisiert die Demokratie als ein degeneriertes System, weil ihm die Illusion zugrunde liegt, dass in gewisser Hinsicht gleiche Personen absolut gleich sind, was nicht stimmt. In dem Gleichheitsprinzip sieht Aristoteles eine Bedrohung für die Bürger, weil jeder denselben Einfluss auf das Schicksal des Staates ohne Rücksicht auf sein Wissen und seine Fähigkeiten hat. Im demokratischen System werden Entscheidungen über die wichtigsten Staatsangelegenheiten durch die Mehrheit der Bürger getroffen, die nicht immer über entsprechendes Wissen verfügen. Die beste politische Staatsform ist Politeia, die beide Staatsformen verbindet: Demokratie und Aristokratie. Sie kann aufgrund der Akzeptanz der Staatsbürger eingeführt werden.This article presents Aristotle’s opinions about the political system of ancient Greek city-states. Democracy is criticized by Aristotle as a degenerate system because it is based on the opinion that people who are equal in certain respects are thereby equal in all – which is not true. The Stagirite construes the principle of equality as a danger for citizens because it would mean that everyone is entitled to influence the state in an equal measure, regardless of their knowledge and skills. In a democratic system, decisions regarding the most important issues of the state are subject to the decision of the majority, who do not always have capabilities for a proper discernment of matters political. The best of systems is the politeia, combining two forms of government: democracy and aristocracy, which is put into practice upon the acceptance of the citizens.Artykuł przedstawia poglądy Arystotelesa na temat ustrojów państw greckich. Demokracja jest przez niego krytykowana jako system zwyrodniały, ponieważ opiera się mniemaniu, że osoby równe pod pewnym względem są sobie równe bezwzględnie, co nie jest prawdą. W zasadzie równości Arystoteles widzi zagrożenie dla obywateli, gdyż każdy ma taki sam wpływ na losy państwa bez względu na swoją wiedzę i umiejętności. W systemie demokratycznym decyzje dotyczące najważniejszych spraw państwowych podejmowane są przez większość obywateli, którzy nie zawsze dysponują odpowiednią wiedzą. Najlepszym ustrojem politycznym jest politeja, która łączy dwa ustroje: demokrację i arystokrację i jest możliwa do wprowadzenia w państwie z powodu akceptacji obywateli

A probabilistic sediment cascade model of sediment transfer in the Illgraben

We present a probabilistic sediment cascade model to simulate sediment transfer in a mountain basin (Illgraben, Switzerland) where sediment is produced by hillslope landslides and rockfalls and exported out of the basin by debris flows and floods. The model conceptualizes the fluvial system as a spatially lumped cascade of connected reservoirs representing hillslope and channel storages where sediment goes through cycles of storage and remobilization by surface runoff. The model includes all relevant hydrological processes that lead to runoff formation in an Alpine basin, such as precipitation, snow accumulation, snowmelt, evapotranspiration, and soil water storage. Although the processes of sediment transfer and debris flow generation are described in a simplified manner, the model produces complex sediment discharge behavior which is driven by the availability of sediment and antecedent wetness conditions (system memory) as well as the triggering potential (climatic forcing). The observed probability distribution of debris flow volumes and their seasonality in 2000–2009 are reproduced. The stochasticity of hillslope sediment input is important for reproducing realistic sediment storage variability, although many details of the hillslope landslide triggering procedures are filtered out by the sediment transfer system. The model allows us to explicitly quantify the division into transport and supply-limited sediment discharge events. We show that debris flows may be generated for a wide range of rainfall intensities because of variable antecedent basin wetness and snowmelt contribution to runoff, which helps to understand the limitations of methods based on a single rainfall threshold for debris flow initiation in Alpine basins

Conversion to drip irrigated agriculture may offset historic anthropogenic and wildfire contributions to sediment production

This study is an investigation into the roles of wildfire and changing agricultural practices in controlling the inter-decadal scale trends of suspended sediment production from semi-arid mountainous rivers. In the test case, a decreasing trend in suspended sediment concentrations was found in the lower Salinas River, California between 1967 and 2011. Event to decadal scale patterns in sediment production in the Salinas River have been found to be largely controlled by antecedent hydrologic conditions. Decreasing suspended sediment concentrations over the last 15years of the record departed from those expected from climatic/hydrologic forcing. Sediment production from the mountainous headwaters of the central California Coast Ranges is known to be dominated by the interaction of wildfire and large rainfall/runoff events, including the Arroyo Seco, an ~700km(2) subbasin of the Salinas River. However, the decreasing trend in Salinas River suspended sediment concentrations run contrary to increases in the watershed's effective burn area over time. The sediment source area of the Salinas River is an order of magnitude larger than that of the Arroyo Seco, and includes a more complicated mosaic of land cover and land use. The departure from hydrologic forcings on suspended sediment concentration patterns was found to coincide with a rapid conversion of irrigation practices from sprinkler and furrow to subsurface drip irrigation. Changes in agricultural operations appear to have decreased sediment supply to the Salinas River over the late 20th to early 21st centuries, obscuring the influence of wildfire on suspended sediment production

The impact of increased flooding occurrence on the mobility of potentially toxic elements in floodplain soil – a review

The frequency and duration of flooding events are increasing due to land-use changes increasing run-off of precipitation, and climate change causing more intense rainfall events. Floodplain soils situated downstream of urban or industrial catchments, which were traditionally considered a sink of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) arriving from the river reach, may now become a source of legacy pollution to the surrounding environment if PTEs are mobilised by unprecedented flooding events. When a soil floods, the mobility of PTEs can increase or decrease due to the net effect of five key processes; (i) the soil redox potential decreases which can directly alter the speciation, and hence mobility, of redox sensitive PTEs (e.g. Cr, As), (ii) pH increases which usually decreases the mobility of metal cations (e.g. Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Zn2+), (iii) dissolved organic matter (DOM) increases, which chelates and mobilises PTEs, (iv) Fe and Mn hydroxides undergo reductive dissolution, releasing adsorbed and co-precipitated PTEs, and (v) sulphate is reduced and PTEs are immobilised due to precipitation of metal sulphides. These factors may be independent mechanisms, but they interact with one another to affect the mobility of PTEs, meaning the effect of flooding on PTE mobility is not easy to predict. Many of the processes involved in mobilising PTEs are microbially mediated, temperature dependent and the kinetics are poorly understood. Soil mineralogy and texture are properties that change spatially and will affect how the mobility of PTEs in a specific soil may be impacted by flooding. As a result, knowledge based on one river catchment may not be particularly useful for predicting the impacts of flooding at another site. This review provides a critical discussion of the mechanisms controlling the mobility of PTEs in floodplain soils. It summarises current understanding, identifies limitations to existing knowledge, and highlights requirements for further research

25th annual computational neuroscience meeting: CNS-2016

The same neuron may play different functional roles in the neural circuits to which it belongs. For example, neurons in the Tritonia pedal ganglia may participate in variable phases of the swim motor rhythms [1]. While such neuronal functional variability is likely to play a major role the delivery of the functionality of neural systems, it is difficult to study it in most nervous systems. We work on the pyloric rhythm network of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion (STG) [2]. Typically network models of the STG treat neurons of the same functional type as a single model neuron (e.g. PD neurons), assuming the same conductance parameters for these neurons and implying their synchronous firing [3, 4]. However, simultaneous recording of PD neurons shows differences between the timings of spikes of these neurons. This may indicate functional variability of these neurons. Here we modelled separately the two PD neurons of the STG in a multi-neuron model of the pyloric network. Our neuron models comply with known correlations between conductance parameters of ionic currents. Our results reproduce the experimental finding of increasing spike time distance between spikes originating from the two model PD neurons during their synchronised burst phase. The PD neuron with the larger calcium conductance generates its spikes before the other PD neuron. Larger potassium conductance values in the follower neuron imply longer delays between spikes, see Fig. 17.Neuromodulators change the conductance parameters of neurons and maintain the ratios of these parameters [5]. Our results show that such changes may shift the individual contribution of two PD neurons to the PD-phase of the pyloric rhythm altering their functionality within this rhythm. Our work paves the way towards an accessible experimental and computational framework for the analysis of the mechanisms and impact of functional variability of neurons within the neural circuits to which they belong

Paul Gauguin et la sorcière de Fatu Hiva : l’illumination primitive

International audienc

De la goyave au bâton. Maléfices et bénéfices de la femme indigène dans deux écrits de Paul Gauguin

International audienc