Detachment evolution on the TCV tokamak

Divertor detachment in the TCV tokamak has been investigated through experiments and modelling. Density ramp experiments were carried out in ohmic heated L-mode pulses with the ion ∇B drift directed away from the primary X-point, similar to previous studies . Before the roll-over in the ion current to the outer strike point, C III and Dα emission from the outer leg recede slowly from the strike point toward the X-point, at a rate of ∼2.0 × 10-19 m/m-3 along the magnetic field as the electron temperature along the leg reduces with increasing density. Around the onset of detachment, the upstream density profile and outer target Dα profiles broaden, possibly leading to an increase in radiation in the SOL by increased interaction between the SOL and the carbon tiles lining the outer wall. The plasma conditions upstream and at various locations along the detached outer divertor leg have been characterised, and the consistency of this data has been checked with the interpretive OSM-EIRENE-DIVIMP suite of codes and are broadly found to be consistent with measured Dγ/Dα emissivity profiles along the detached outer divertor leg

Benchmarking of a 1D Scrape-off layer code SOLF1D with SOLPS and its use in modelling long-legged divertors

A 1D code modelling SOL transport parallel to the magnetic field (SOLF1D) is benchmarked with 2D simulations of MAST-U SOL performed via the SOLPS code for two different collisionalities. Based on this comparison, SOLF1D is then used to model the effects of divertor leg stretching in 1D, in support of the planned Super-X divertor on MAST. The aim is to separate magnetic flux expansion from volumetric power losses due to recycling neutrals by stretching the divertor leg either vertically or radially.Comment: 31 pages, 17 figures. This is an author-created, un-copyedited version of an article accepted for publication in Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. IOP Publishing Ltd is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from i

Investigation of conventional and Super-X divertor configurations of MAST Upgrade using SOLPS

One of the first studies of MAST Upgrade divertor configurations with SOLPS5.0 are presented. We focus on understanding main prospects associated with the novel geometry of the Super-X divertor (SXD). This includes a discussion of the effect of magnetic flux expansion and volumetric power losses on the reduction of target power loads, the effect of divertor geometry on the divertor closure and distribution of neutral species and radiation in the divertor, the role of the connection length in broadening the target wetted area. A comparison in conditions typical for MAST inter-ELM H-mode plasmas confirms improved performance of the Super-X topology resulting in significantly better divertor closure with respect to neutrals (the atomic flux from the target increased by a factor of 6, but the atomic flux from the divertor to the upper SOL reduced by a factor of 2), increased radiation volume and increased total power loss (a factor of 2) and a reduction of target power loads through both magnetic flux expansion and larger volumetric power loss in the divertor (a factor of 5-10 in attached plasmas). The reduction of the target power load by SXD further increases with collisionality (high density or detached regimes) thanks to larger importance of volumetric power losses. It is found that a cold divertor plasma leads to stronger parallel temperature gradients in the SOL which drive more parallel heat flux, meaning that the effectiveness of perpendicular transport in spreading the power at the target can be reduced, and this needs to be taken into account in any optimisation.Comment: 32 pages, 23 figures. This is an author-created, un-copyedited version of an article accepted for publication in PPCF. IOP Publishing Ltd and IAEA are not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from i

The Persian period of Old Testament history and religion

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University, 1939. This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

How Bad Law, Bad Economics and Bad Policy Positively Shaped Corporate Behavior

This article begins by briefly discussing the factual background of the Omnicare decision and the majority’s opinion. Second, this article analyzes the criticism that followed, which generally falls into two broad categories: the doctrinal shortcomings in the majority’s reasoning and the negative practical implications of banning precommitment strategies. Third, this article briefly explores whether the concerns about Omnicare’s impact on merger and acquisition activity came to fruition in the ten years since the decision was issued, concluding that many did not. This article also reviews post-Omnicare case law noting that subsequent decisions of the Delaware Court of Chancery addressing Omnicare-based challenges have sought to avoid its application. While Omnicare has not been overruled and remains good law, these decisions indicate a willingness of Delaware’s lower court to limit its reach. As a result, the number of actual scenarios where the decision may still have a direct impact is small. Nevertheless, it would be unwise to overlook the positive aspects of Omnicare. Because the vast majority of scholarship addressing this controversial decision has been of a critical nature, little attention has been given to Omnicare’s normative value. Thus, Part V addresses some of the broader normative implications of Omnicare with a particular focus on the role the decision plays in improving corporate governance and increasing stockholder value. In re-evaluating the decision it becomes clear that the Omnicare majority sought to improve corporate decision-making in one of, if not the, most important events in the life of a corporation – the merger. To that end, the decision added a renewed and heightened focus on deal protection devices and the role of the board of directors in properly discharging its fiduciary duties in the context of negotiating, evaluating, and ultimately accepting, a merger proposal. In the style characteristic of Delaware fiduciary duty case law, Omnicare is a normatively charged decision, providing guidance on the decisional process required of corporate directors. In particular the majority’s decision shapes the definition and description of the roles that directors are expected to fill in negotiating and approving mergers, with a focus on deal protection devices. Finally, Part VI of this article discusses whether, despite their positive impact, Omnicare’s changes to corporate governance are efficient ones

Interpreting Organizational Contracts and the Private Ordering of Public Company Governance

Corporate law is undergoing an explosion of governance by private ordering. With increasing frequency and creativity, the charter and bylaws of public corporations are being used as tools for restructuring key aspects of corporate governance. The current focus of parties, courts, and scholars has been on the facial validity of these efforts. In light of courts’ willingness to uphold corporate governance contracting, legal battles will morph from validity challenges to interpretation disputes. Yet interpretation principles are a topic to which corporate scholars have devoted limited attention. With interpretation poised to take on an influential role in shaping corporate law and norms, establishing a cohesive interpretative framework is critical. This Article rejects the contract metaphor traditionally applied to questions of charter and bylaw interpretation in favor of a more nuanced interpretative framework. Dissecting the provisions that comprise a public corporation’s organizational documents reveals a rich combination of standardization, customization, and innovation. Drawing from many sides of traditional interpretation debates, this Article links the different types of organizational provisions to the interpretive theory and principles that most accurately achieve the primary interpretive goals attendant to each. The outcome is a framework that requires courts to engage in a more explicit and tailored analysis, resulting in a stable interpretation scheme and clear judicial guidance to market actors

The Corporate Chameleon

This Article seeks to address what is currently missing from corporate law—a clear way of determining “officer” status as that distinct legal role is contemplated in corporate jurisprudence. Part I discusses the three primary actors involved in the internal governance of the corporation—directors, stockholders, and officers—and how the law defines each one. While corporate law clearly contemplates officers as a distinct role, a quick comparison of the three reveals a failure to identify with any precision the bounds of “officer” status. Part II looks to other areas of the law for guidance in defining and identifying the officers of the corporation. While the policy considerations underlying the definitions of “officer” in each of these other areas of the law may be similar or different to those animating “officer” for purposes of state corporate law, the articulation and identification of individuals occupying the officer role are nevertheless instructive. Finally, Part III applies the lessons learned from the struggles courts in securities law and bankruptcy law have had in identifying officers and proposes a test for determining “officer” status. Adopting a prototype-centered approach, the proposal rejects a fixed definition in lieu of a multi-factor approach that embodies the traditional and legal officer roles espoused by courts and scholars. The result stabilizes the meaning of “officer” as a category of corporate actor and provides predictability and certainty to corporations, officers, directors, stockholders, third parties, and their counsel going forward