12 research outputs found

    EHDV-2 Infection Prevalence Varies in Culicoides sonorensis after Feeding on Infected White-Tailed Deer over the Course of Viremia

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    Epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses (EHDVs) are arboviral pathogens of white-tailed deer and other wild and domestic ruminants in North America. Transmitted by various species of Culicoides, EHDVs circulate wherever competent vectors and susceptible ruminant host populations co-exist. The impact of variation in the level and duration of EHDV viremia in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on Culicoides infection prevalence is not well characterized. Here we examined how infection prevalence in a confirmed North American vector of EHDV-2 (Culicoides sonorensis) varies in response to fluctuations in deer viremia. To accomplish this, five white-tailed deer were experimentally infected with EHDV-2 and colonized C. sonorensis were allowed to feed on deer at 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 18, and 24 days post infection (dpi). Viremia profiles in deer were determined by virus isolation and titration at the same time points. Blood-fed Culicoides were assayed for virus after a 10-day incubation (27 ◩C) period. We found that increases in deer EHDV blood titers significantly increased both the likelihood that midges would successfully acquire EHDV and the proportion of midges that reached the titer threshold for transmission competence. Unexpectedly, we identified four infected midge samples (three individuals and one pool) after feeding on one deer 18 and 24 dpi, when viremia was no longer detectable by virus isolation. The ability of ruminants with low-titer viremia to serve as a source of EHDV for blood-feeding Culicoides should be explored further to better understand its potential epidemiological significance

    Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

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    Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

    Crowdsourcing for large-scale mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) sampling

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    EHDV-2 Infection Prevalence Varies in <i>Culicoides sonorensis</i> after Feeding on Infected White-Tailed Deer over the Course of Viremia

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    Epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses (EHDVs) are arboviral pathogens of white-tailed deer and other wild and domestic ruminants in North America. Transmitted by various species of Culicoides, EHDVs circulate wherever competent vectors and susceptible ruminant host populations co-exist. The impact of variation in the level and duration of EHDV viremia in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on Culicoides infection prevalence is not well characterized. Here we examined how infection prevalence in a confirmed North American vector of EHDV-2 (Culicoides sonorensis) varies in response to fluctuations in deer viremia. To accomplish this, five white-tailed deer were experimentally infected with EHDV-2 and colonized C. sonorensis were allowed to feed on deer at 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 18, and 24 days post infection (dpi). Viremia profiles in deer were determined by virus isolation and titration at the same time points. Blood-fed Culicoides were assayed for virus after a 10-day incubation (27 &#176;C) period. We found that increases in deer EHDV blood titers significantly increased both the likelihood that midges would successfully acquire EHDV and the proportion of midges that reached the titer threshold for transmission competence. Unexpectedly, we identified four infected midge samples (three individuals and one pool) after feeding on one deer 18 and 24 dpi, when viremia was no longer detectable by virus isolation. The ability of ruminants with low-titer viremia to serve as a source of EHDV for blood-feeding Culicoides should be explored further to better understand its potential epidemiological significance

    3500 kyrkor : Problem eller möjlighet. 8 Restuareringsexempel

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    I kyrkorna finner man de högsta kvaliteterna av arkitektur och konst som har stĂ„tt i mĂ€nsklig makt att uppbringa. Kulturarvets vĂ€rde Ă€r högt. Arkitektur Ă€r en konstart som förstĂ€rker funktionen/verksamheten – pĂ„ samma sĂ€tt som t.ex. musik, poesi, skulptur eller mĂ„leri. Konstarterna gĂ„r utöver funktionerna/verksamheterna, dĂ€rför finns det alltid nya möjligheter att bearbeta. Restaureringskonstens uppgift Ă€r att tillvara arkitekturkvaliteterna, utveckla dem och förhöja dem. Det finns ungefĂ€r 3 500 kyrkor inom Svenska kyrkan, en tredjedel medeltida och entredjedel frĂ„n 1950–60-talen. Sammantaget Ă€r det en komplex samling byggnader. Majoriteten av 6,4 miljoner medlemmar i Svenska kyrkan Ă€r intresserade av att kyrkobyggnaderna tas om hand. FĂ€rre sĂ€ger sig vara intresserade av att aktivt delta i kyrkans kĂ€rnverksamhet. Men kyrkobyggnaden och verksamheten hĂ€nger samman; de enda byggnader som haft enoch samma anvĂ€ndning i 1000 Ă„r Ă€r kyrkor. Att vĂ„rda och utveckla kyrkobyggnadsmiljöernaingĂ„r inte i kyrkans kĂ€rnverksamheter. Varför inte? Sedan relationsförĂ€ndringen Ă„r 2000 dĂ„ kyrkan skildes frĂ„n staten har inga lĂ„ngsiktiga visioner eller strategier om förvaltningen av Sveriges mest tillgĂ€ngliga kulturskatt framkommit. Inget drastiskt hĂ€nde Ă„r 2000; antalet gudstjĂ€nstbesökare började minska lĂ„ngt tidigare. Varför ska vi vara sĂ„ oroliga nu nĂ€r vi inte var det förut? VĂ„ra kyrkor Ă€r i bĂ€ttre skick Ă€n i nĂ„got annat land i Europa, vi har aldrig haft det sĂ„ bra som nu, Ă€ndĂ„ Ă€r det först nu som vi inte anser oss ha rĂ„d att sköta denna del av kulturarvet. Andra lĂ€nder har en mĂ€ngd olika sĂ€tt att finansiera och arbeta med kyrkobyggnader. Sverige har bara ett sĂ€tt, statsbidrag. En mĂ€ngd oprövade möjligheter finns – ett gyllene Ă€gg att förvalta! 20 studenter i Restaureringskonst har arbetat med kunskapsuppbyggnad i teori och praktik under Ă„ret. VĂ„ra studier har innefattat tre innerstadskyrkor och fem andra kyrkor i Stockholms stift, praktiskt nĂ„bara för vĂ„ra studier. Vi Ă€r vĂ€l medvetna om de helt olikartade förutsĂ€ttningar som finns i vĂ„rt avlĂ„nga land med Europas snabbaste urbaniseringstakt, Ă€ven om vi haft ett begrĂ€nsat antal fallstudier nĂ€r vi trĂ€nat arbetsprocess och metodik. Året har förutom projektarbete omfattat förelĂ€sningar, seminarier, workshops och studieresor inom restaureringshistoria, dokumentation med 3D-laserscanning, kulturhistoriskvĂ€rdering och analys, material och metoder för restaurering, gestaltning och bevarande,presentation och kommunikation. Av Ă„rets studenter Ă€r tio arkitekter, en ingenjör, sex antikvarier, tvĂ„ konservatorer och en förvaltare. Tack vare kursens blandade professioner Ă€r inledningdiskussionerna och det interna kunskapsutbytet en viktig del av utbildningen, liksom det nĂ€tverk som erbjuds genom inbjudna förelĂ€sare och specialister inom praktisk restaurering och i forskningsfronten. Genom studiebesök och studieresor fĂ„r studenterna kontakter ochintryck av hur restaurering tillĂ€mpas och diskuteras i olika sammanhang. I Ă„r har vi gjort studieresor till Tyskland och England samt inom Sverige. Kyrkan har i alla tider stĂ„tt för högsta kvalitet i arkitektur och konst – Ă„rets kurs vill visa vĂ€rdet av denna resurs och hur vi kan arbeta med uppgiften att upprĂ€tthĂ„lla och gĂ€rna öka kulturarvets kvaliteter genomrestaureringskonst.Vi tackar alla som bidragit till genomförandet av vĂ„r kurs i Ă„r; sĂ€rskilt Stockholms stift och de församlingar som har gett oss tillgĂ„ng till sina kyrkor.Restaureringskonst vid Mejan Arc, Kungl. Konsthögskolan i Stockholm har under lĂ€sĂ„ret 2013–14 arbetat med kyrkor, landets mest omfattande kulturarv och största restaureringsuppgift. De flesta Ă€gs av Svenska kyrkan och Ă€r samtidigt ett kulturarv som Ă€gs av oss alla. Vi har i Ă„rets kurs utforskat kyrkobyggnader, odlat existerande kvaliteter och utvecklat nya.Uttryck som kyrkors övertalighet, lĂ€gga kyrkor i malpĂ„se, kallstĂ€llning och överkostnaderindikerar problem. Vi vill vĂ€nda trenden frĂ„n problemsökande till att finna möjligheter. DĂ€rför söker vi en konstruktiv utveckling med förĂ€dling och kreativ förbĂ€ttring dĂ€rvĂ€rdena vidmakthĂ„lls. Studenterna har kommit fram till att kyrkorna i de flesta fall kanbrukas vidare, ibland Ă€r bevarandekravet absolut, ibland Ă€r förĂ€ndring en nödvĂ€ndighet.</p
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