Weight Gain Comparison between Heifers Fed Colostrum or Whole Milk until Weaning

Background: The milk-feeding phase, wherein whole milk is the natural food, is critical to calf development, health, and vitality. However, feeding milk to calves is costly in the rearing system because the milk supplied to calves is not sold. In farms in which the average production is high, excess colostrum and transitional milk are produced that are used to feed calves until weaning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of heifers exclusively fed colostrum (including transitional milk) or raw whole milk.Materials, Methods & Results: Immediately after their birth, 83 ear-tagged healthy Holstein Friesian heifers adequately receiving the initial colostrum were separated into two experimental groups. Group 1 (n = 34) was fed only fresh whole milk and group 2 (n = 49) was fed only colostrum diluted in water at a 2:1 ratio. Colostrum was removed from cows until the fifth day after birth and was stored in sanitized disposable plastic bottles, stored in a freezer at -20°C and before administration, the colostrum was thawed. Liquid diets were administered using a bottle twice a day during the first month, namely 2 L in the morning and 2 L in the afternoon. During the second month, the heifers were fed 4 L once a day in the morning. The heifers had access to an enclosure with fodder, in addition to concentrate specifically for heifers, which was placed in an individual trough daily. The leftovers were weighed at the end of the afternoon. The heifers were abruptly weaned when they reached a daily intake of 1 kg of concentrate. The heifers were individually weighed at birth and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days. The average weights were 40.4, 54.1, 74.5, 95.1, 108.2, and 126.1 kg in group 1 and 45.4, 58.4, 78.2, 95.9, 110.8, and 125.1 kg in group 2. The use of diluted colostrum was satisfactory as it resulted in similar weight gains.Discussion: Feeding milk to calves is one of the most cost-increasing factors to a dairy farm because the total milk volume fed to animals at this stage is not sold and results in a large loss in income for the farmer. Calf management during the milk-feeding phase is of the utmost importance, especially in the first days after birth, to ensure the development of the systemic immune response of animals. The performance of these animals in the first months affects their subsequent development. Whole milk is commonly used to feed calves for 8 to 12 consecutive weeks. However, whole milk can be replaced by a good substitute, such as colostrum and transitional milk. The aim of this study was to show that these substitutes are effective alternatives for calf development and cost reduction. The weight gain of animals fed diluted colostrum was similar to that of animals fed only whole milk, which corroborates the results of previous studies on the development of calves treated with colostrum-based liquid diet, fermented or not, with and without additives. Those studies reported favorable growth rates in comparison with the traditional production system as a result of higher dietary protein levels in colostrum-based diets. The availability of roughages and concentrates should be initiated during the milk-feeding phase, as it is fundamental for rumen development, helps in early weaning and reduces expenses during this period. Replacing whole milk with colostrum and transitional milk for feeding calves, stimulating roughage, and concentrating intake can result in significant savings in the rearing system

Tratamento da luxação anterior recidivante do ombro pela técnica de Bristow-Latarjet

Objectives: To describe the clinical and radiographic results of patients with recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation treated with the Bristow-Latarjet technique. Material and Methods: Retrospective case series including 44 patients (45 shoulders) with anterior shoulder instability who underwent the Bristow-Latarjet procedure, including 86% of male patients and 80% with traumatic dislocations. The graft was fixed "standing", as used in the Bristow technique, in 84% of the shoulders, and "lying", as proposed by Latarjet, in 16%, using 1 metal screw in all cases, and washer in 20% of the surgeries. Results: The follow-up was 19.25 ± 10.24 months. We obtained 96% of good results, with 2 recurrences presented as subluxation. Of the 36 patients who practiced sports, 89% had good results. Graft healing occurred in 62% of cases. The graft was positioned below the glenoid equator in 84% of the cases, and less than 10 mm from its edge in 98%. The external rotation had a limitation of 20.7º ± 15.9º, while the internal rotation was limited in 4.0º ± 9.6º. The limitation of external and internal rotation and the position of the graft ("standing" or "lying") did not correlate with graft healing (p> 0.05). Bicortical fixation was positively correlated with healing (p <0.001). Conclusion: The Bristow-Latarjet technique is indicated for the treatment of recurrent anterior dislocations and subluxations of the shoulder. It is a safe treatment method, which can be used in people with intense physical activity. Limiting shoulder mobility does not prevent patients from returning to their usual occupations, as well as, in most of them, from playing sports with the same performance as before the surgery. Level of evidence: IV, Case SeriesObjetivos: Descrever os resultados clínicos e radiográficos do tratamento da luxação anterior recidivante do ombro pela técnica de Bristow-Latarjet. Material e Métodos: Série de casos retrospectiva, incluindo 44 pacientes (45 ombros) com instabilidade anterior do ombro submetidos à técnica de Bristow-Latarjet, incluindo 86% de pacientes do sexo masculino e 80% com luxações traumáticas. O enxerto foi fixado "em pé" em 84% dos ombros, e "deitado" em 16%, utilizando 1 parafuso metálico, com uso de arruela em 20% das cirurgias. Resultados: O seguimento foi de 19,25 ± 10,24 meses. Obtivemos 96% de bons resultados, sendo 2 recidivas sob a forma de subluxação. Dos 36 pacientes que praticavam esporte, 89% apresentaram bons resultados. A consolidação ocorreu em 62% dos casos. O enxerto foi posicionado  abaixo do equador da glenoide em 84% das vezes, e a menos de 10 mm da sua borda em 98%. A rotação externa apresentou limitação de 20,7º ± 15,9º, enquanto a rotação interna 4,0º ± 9,6º. A limitação da rotação externa e da rotação interna e a posição do enxerto ("em pé" ou 'deitado") não se correlacionaram com a consolidação do enxerto (p>0,05). A fixação bicortical correlacionou-se positivamente com a consolidação (p<0,001). Conclusão: A técnica de Bristow-Latarjet está indicada para o tratamento das luxações e subluxações anteriores recidivantes do ombro. É um método de tratamento seguro, que pode ser utilizado em pessoas com atividade física intensa. A limitação da mobilidade do ombro não impede os pacientes de voltarem às suas ocupações habituais, bem como, na maioria deles, de praticar esporte com desempenho igual ao de antes da operação. Nível de evidência: IV, Série de Caso

A influência de atividades esportivas e musicais na saúde mental dos estudantes de medicina de Anápolis

RESUMO: A saúde mental é um tema cada vez mais abordado pela comunidade científica, principalmente por sua relevância para uma boa qualidade de vida das pessoas. O objetivo geral desse trabalho é avaliar a saúde mental dos estudantes de medicina da UniEVANGÉLICA, e a relação desta com a prática de atividades esportivas e/ou musicais. Serão analisados dados coletados através de questionários validados de estudo da saúde mental, aplicados em estudantes do 1º ao 8º período do curso de medicina. Espera-se estabelecer um vínculo maior entre a instituição UniEVANGÉLICA e os projetos acadêmicos extracurriculares da faculdade de Medicina. Também serão analisados artigos do Scielo e do Pubmed que servirão como embasamento para a retificação dos dados coletados

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Association between genetic polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3 and the full-thickness rotator cuff tear

INTRODUÇÃO: Na patogênese da rotura do manguito rotador, diminuição da síntese e aumento da degradação das fibras colágenas são encontradas, associadas ao aumento da atividade das metaloproteinases da matriz 1 e 3 (MMP-1 e MMP-3). Há evidências que fatores genéticos estão envolvidos na produção das metaloproteinases e na etiologia da rotura do manguito rotador. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre o polimorfismo genético das MMP-1 e MMP-3 com a rotura de espessura completa do manguito rotador. Como objetivos secundários, tivemos avaliar a correlação dos haplótipos da MMP-1 e MMP-3 com a rotura de espessura completa do manguito rotador e comparar se indíviduos com rotura transfixante do manguito rotador têm maior proporção de familiares com a mesma doença, em relação aos indíviduos controles. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos 64 pacientes com rotura transfixante do manguito rotador e 64 controles assintomáticos. Foram incluídos apenas pacientes com idade inferior a 65 anos e rotura de espessura completa não traumática. A rotura ou integridade do manguito rotador foi avaliada por ressonância magnética ou ultrassonografia em todos indivíduos. Os pacientes e os controles foram pareados por idade. O ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) dos voluntários foi obtido a partir de células epiteliais da mucosa bucal. Os genótipos das MMP-1 e MMP-3 foram determinados utilizando as técnicas de Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR) e Polimorfismo no Comprimento de Fragmentos de Restrição (RFLP). RESULTADOS: Observamos uma presença de 77% do alelo 1G e 64% do genótipo 1G/1G no grupo controle. Os pacientes com rotura transfixante do manguito rotador apresentaram uma taxa de 48% do alelo 2G e 73% de genótipos 1G/2G ou 2G/2G (p < 0,001). Indivíduos com genótipo 1G/2G e 2G/2G tiveram maior chance de ter uma rotura do manguito rotador: razão de chances (RC) igual a 4,8 (Intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%] 2,1 a 11,0) e 5,2 (IC 95% 1,8 a 14,9), respectivamente. Também observamos uma distribuição significativamente diferente nos alelos e genótipos da MMP-3 (p = 0,045, p = 0,021, respectivamente) entre os casos e controles. Indivíduos com genótipo 5A/5A tiveram maior chance de apresentarem uma rotura do manguito rotador (RC 5,5; IC 95% 1,4 a 20,9). Indíviduos com haplótipo 2G/5A tiveram maior possibilidade de ter uma rotura do manguito rotador, este haplótipo foi encontrado em 42 de 64 pacientes (66%) e em 17 de 64 controles (27%), com razão de chances de 5,3 (IC 95% 2,5 a 11,3). Pacientes com rotura do manguito rotador relataram, em maior número (19 de 64 pacientes, 30%), a existência de familiares que realizaram tratamento para rotura do manguito rotador em relação aos pacientes controles (quatro de 64 pacientes, 6%; p = 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: O polimorfismo genético das MMP-1 e MMP-3 foi associado à rotura do manguito rotadorINTRODUCTION: In the pathogenesis of rotator cuff tear, decreased synthesis and increased degradation of collagen fibers are found, associated with an increase in activity of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3 (MMP-1 and MMP-3). There is evidence that genetic factors may be involved in metalloproteinase production and the etiology of rotator cuff tear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the genetic polymorphism of MMP-1 and MMP-3 and full-thickness rotator cuff tear. As secondary aims, we measured the correlation of MMP-1 and MMP-3 haplotypes with full-thickness rotator cuff tears and compared if individuals with full-thickness rotator cuff tears have a higher proportion of relatives with the same disease than the control subjects. METHODS: We evaluated 64 patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tear and 64 asymptomatic controls. Patients aged below 65 years, with non-traumatic full thickness tears, were included. The rotator cuff tear or integrity was evaluated by magnetic resonance or ultrasound in all individuals. The patients and controls were paired by age. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the volunteers was obtained from oral mucosa epithelial cells. MMP-1 and MMP-3 genotypes were determined using the Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assays. RESULTS: We observed a 77% presence of allele 1G and 64% of genotypes 1G/1G in the control group. The patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tear presented 48% of allele 2G and 73% of genotypes 1G/2G or 2G/2G (p < 0.001). Individuals with genotypes 1G/2G and 2G/2G were more likely to have a rotator cuff tear: odds ratio equal to 4.8 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.1 to 11.0) and 5.2 (95% CI 1.8 to 14.9), respectively. We also observed a significantly different distribution in the alleles and genotypes of MMP-3 (p = 0.045, p = 0.021, respectively) among the cases and controls. Individuals with the 5A/5A genotype were more likely to have a rotator cuff tear (OR 5.5; 95% CI 1.4 to 20.9). Individuals with the haplotype 2G/5A were more likely to have rotator cuff tears develop, this haplotype was found in 42 of 64 patients (66%) and in 17 of 64 controls (27%) with odds ratio 5.3 (95% CI 2.5 to 11.3). Patients with rotator cuff tears reported, in higher number (19 of 64 patients, 30%), the existence of relatives who previously had treatment for rotator cuff tears compared to control patients (four of 64 patients, 6%; p = 0,001). CONCLUSION: The genetic polymorphism of MMP-1 and MMP-3 was associated with rotator cuff tea

Association between genetic polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3 and the full-thickness rotator cuff tear

INTRODUÇÃO: Na patogênese da rotura do manguito rotador, diminuição da síntese e aumento da degradação das fibras colágenas são encontradas, associadas ao aumento da atividade das metaloproteinases da matriz 1 e 3 (MMP-1 e MMP-3). Há evidências que fatores genéticos estão envolvidos na produção das metaloproteinases e na etiologia da rotura do manguito rotador. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre o polimorfismo genético das MMP-1 e MMP-3 com a rotura de espessura completa do manguito rotador. Como objetivos secundários, tivemos avaliar a correlação dos haplótipos da MMP-1 e MMP-3 com a rotura de espessura completa do manguito rotador e comparar se indíviduos com rotura transfixante do manguito rotador têm maior proporção de familiares com a mesma doença, em relação aos indíviduos controles. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos 64 pacientes com rotura transfixante do manguito rotador e 64 controles assintomáticos. Foram incluídos apenas pacientes com idade inferior a 65 anos e rotura de espessura completa não traumática. A rotura ou integridade do manguito rotador foi avaliada por ressonância magnética ou ultrassonografia em todos indivíduos. Os pacientes e os controles foram pareados por idade. O ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) dos voluntários foi obtido a partir de células epiteliais da mucosa bucal. Os genótipos das MMP-1 e MMP-3 foram determinados utilizando as técnicas de Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR) e Polimorfismo no Comprimento de Fragmentos de Restrição (RFLP). RESULTADOS: Observamos uma presença de 77% do alelo 1G e 64% do genótipo 1G/1G no grupo controle. Os pacientes com rotura transfixante do manguito rotador apresentaram uma taxa de 48% do alelo 2G e 73% de genótipos 1G/2G ou 2G/2G (p < 0,001). Indivíduos com genótipo 1G/2G e 2G/2G tiveram maior chance de ter uma rotura do manguito rotador: razão de chances (RC) igual a 4,8 (Intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%] 2,1 a 11,0) e 5,2 (IC 95% 1,8 a 14,9), respectivamente. Também observamos uma distribuição significativamente diferente nos alelos e genótipos da MMP-3 (p = 0,045, p = 0,021, respectivamente) entre os casos e controles. Indivíduos com genótipo 5A/5A tiveram maior chance de apresentarem uma rotura do manguito rotador (RC 5,5; IC 95% 1,4 a 20,9). Indíviduos com haplótipo 2G/5A tiveram maior possibilidade de ter uma rotura do manguito rotador, este haplótipo foi encontrado em 42 de 64 pacientes (66%) e em 17 de 64 controles (27%), com razão de chances de 5,3 (IC 95% 2,5 a 11,3). Pacientes com rotura do manguito rotador relataram, em maior número (19 de 64 pacientes, 30%), a existência de familiares que realizaram tratamento para rotura do manguito rotador em relação aos pacientes controles (quatro de 64 pacientes, 6%; p = 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: O polimorfismo genético das MMP-1 e MMP-3 foi associado à rotura do manguito rotadorINTRODUCTION: In the pathogenesis of rotator cuff tear, decreased synthesis and increased degradation of collagen fibers are found, associated with an increase in activity of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3 (MMP-1 and MMP-3). There is evidence that genetic factors may be involved in metalloproteinase production and the etiology of rotator cuff tear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the genetic polymorphism of MMP-1 and MMP-3 and full-thickness rotator cuff tear. As secondary aims, we measured the correlation of MMP-1 and MMP-3 haplotypes with full-thickness rotator cuff tears and compared if individuals with full-thickness rotator cuff tears have a higher proportion of relatives with the same disease than the control subjects. METHODS: We evaluated 64 patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tear and 64 asymptomatic controls. Patients aged below 65 years, with non-traumatic full thickness tears, were included. The rotator cuff tear or integrity was evaluated by magnetic resonance or ultrasound in all individuals. The patients and controls were paired by age. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the volunteers was obtained from oral mucosa epithelial cells. MMP-1 and MMP-3 genotypes were determined using the Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assays. RESULTS: We observed a 77% presence of allele 1G and 64% of genotypes 1G/1G in the control group. The patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tear presented 48% of allele 2G and 73% of genotypes 1G/2G or 2G/2G (p < 0.001). Individuals with genotypes 1G/2G and 2G/2G were more likely to have a rotator cuff tear: odds ratio equal to 4.8 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.1 to 11.0) and 5.2 (95% CI 1.8 to 14.9), respectively. We also observed a significantly different distribution in the alleles and genotypes of MMP-3 (p = 0.045, p = 0.021, respectively) among the cases and controls. Individuals with the 5A/5A genotype were more likely to have a rotator cuff tear (OR 5.5; 95% CI 1.4 to 20.9). Individuals with the haplotype 2G/5A were more likely to have rotator cuff tears develop, this haplotype was found in 42 of 64 patients (66%) and in 17 of 64 controls (27%) with odds ratio 5.3 (95% CI 2.5 to 11.3). Patients with rotator cuff tears reported, in higher number (19 of 64 patients, 30%), the existence of relatives who previously had treatment for rotator cuff tears compared to control patients (four of 64 patients, 6%; p = 0,001). CONCLUSION: The genetic polymorphism of MMP-1 and MMP-3 was associated with rotator cuff tea