Determination of the Size Distribution of Charged Nanoparticles via Capillary Electrophoresis under Variation of Counter-Ion Type and Concentration

In the current study, three different types of NPs were used with varied size, namely, Ludox silica nanoparticles (SNP), polystyrene sulfate latex nanoparticles (PSSL) and cobalt oxyhydroxide nanoparticles (CoOOH-NPs). SNPs with three different size distributions have the nominal particle diameters 7, 12 and 22 nm. PSSLs with four different size distributions have the mean particle diameters 21, 41, 63 and 80 nm. CoOOH-NPs have a mean domain size of 3.7-4.5 nm. While SNPs and PSSLs are negatively charged in alkaline dispersion medium. COOH-NPs were dispersed in acidic medium having a positively charged surface. This study focuses on considering the influence of the variation of the counterion type and its concentration on the determination of the particle size distribution (PSD) of charged nanoparticles using capillary electrophoresis (CE). CE provides a suitable method to measure the size of NPs through converting electropherograms into a PSD. This approach is based on an exact determination of the electrokinetic potential ζ by measuring the electrophoretic mobility in an electrolyte of known composition, in combination with a second independent method that determines the mean particle radius such as TEM or Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA). TDA measurements were used to determine the mean collective diffusion coefficient and the mean hydrodynamic radius via Stokes-Einstein equation. Later, these values of the mean hydrodynamic radius were used in the calculation of the calibration functions to obtain PSDs for the three types of NPs under this study. In addition, preliminary investigations and UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements were made for CoOOH-NPs in an aqueous solution of a monoprotic acid with varied type of anion as counterion. Results obtained show that the continuous decrease in the colour intensity and the absorbance at band maximum for CoOOH-NPs dispersions are independent of the type of anion. For electrophoretic mobility measurements, two series of SNPs were used with varied sizes with different counterion types, namely: Li+, Na+, K+, and guanidinium (Gdm+) with varied ionic strength ( I = 20-120 mmol L-1) at 25 oC. For PSSL with varied sizes, electrophoretic mobility measurements were made with Na+ as counterion in the ionic strength range 10-50 mmol L-1 and with Li+, Na+ and Gdm+ as counterion in the ionic strength range 40-120 mmol L-1, at 20 oC. In the case of CoOOH-NPs, the electrophoretic mobility measurements were made in acidic solution of pH 2 at 25 oC using different methods for coating of the inner capillary wall, because these NPs have a positive charge on their surface. Also, the influence of parameters such as injection parameters, applied electric field strength and concentration of CoOOH-NPs in the sample were investigated. In all investigations, the electrophoretic mobilities for NPs are dependent on the type of counterion, which can be attributed to Hofmeister effects also called the specific ion effects. The modification proposed by Pyell et al. based on an analytic approximation introduced by Ohshima, was used to estimate the electrokinetic potential ζ for all NP types. For the determination of ζ from the obtained electrophoretic mobility, the procedure takes the limiting equivalent conductance of the counterion or its ionic drag coefficient into account neglecting the limiting equivalent conductance or ionic drag coefficient of the co-ion. Results for |ζ | follow the order Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Gdm+ for SNPs and the order Li+ > Na+ > Gdm+ for PSSLs, whereas for CoOOH-NPs there is a decrease in ζ in the order NO3¯ > Cl¯ > CH3SO3¯. This dependence of |ζ| on the type of the counterion is also reflected by the determined values for the electrokinetic surface charge densities |ζ|. Finally, size distributions of NPs were obtained from using the method developed by Pyell and Pyell et al. Electropherograms are converted directly into size distribution functions. The results of using the developed method for SNPs are reliable independent of the type of counterion. There is a good agreement with the results from using TEM analysis for the dispersion (width), which indirectly confirms the validity of the theoretical approach for the calculation of ζ from electrokinetic data and the mean particle size. There are advantages of using Li+ or Na+ compared to the use of K+ or Gdm+ as counterion with regard to preventing particle aggregation and peak distortion via the stabilizing effect due to higher |ζ | and higher |ζ|. In addition, there is a positive impact of the higher ionic drag coefficients on the size-selectivity of the method. For PSSLs, results show acceptable values for the width produced from using the developed method within expected experimental errors. High electrophoretic mobility values and corresponding calibration functions result in very large errors with considerable uncertainty if ζ > 60. However, for CoOOH-NPs the value calculated from the moment analysis for the dispersion is excessively large, which might be due to adsorption effects that influence the estimation of ζ and the corresponding calibration functions. In addition, because of the small mean domain size of the CoOOH-NPs and the use of a low ionic strength electrolyte there is a very small value for ka (ka >> 1). Hence, for CoOOH-NPs the results obtained show the limitations of the investigated approach in the case of this very low reduced radius

Behavior of Post-Tensioned Concrete Girders Subject to Partially Strand Damage and Strengthened by NSM-CFRP Composites

Studies on the flexural behavior of post-tensioned beams subjected to strand damage and strengthened with near-surface mounted (NSM) technique using carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) are limited and fail to examine the effect of CFRP laminates on strand strain and strengthening efficiency systematically. Furthermore, a design approach for UPC structures in existing design guidelines for FRP strengthening techniques is lacking. Hence, the behavior of post-tensioned beams strengthened with NSM-CFRP laminates after partial strand damage is investigated in this study. The testing program consists of seven post-tensioned beams strengthened by NSM-CFRP laminates with three partial strand damage ratios (14.3% symmetrical damage, 14.3% asymmetric damage, and 28.6% symmetrical damage). The experimental results showed that the use of CFRP laminates significantly increases the flexural capacity by up to 17.4 to 20.4%, corresponding to a strand damage ratio of 14.3 and 28.6%, respectively, enhances the stiffness, and reduces strand strain by up to 15.8 to 22.2%. However, the flexural stiffness of strengthened beams during serviceability phases is critical as strand damage ratios increase. Additionally, semi-empirical equations were proposed to predict the actual strain of unbonded strands whilst considering the effects of CFRP laminates. The suggested equations provide accurate predictions with little variance. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-07-013 Full Text: PD

Improvement of Mechanical Welding Properties by using Induced Harmonic Vibration.

The enhancement of the welding mechanical properties and the quality of the fusion metal is considered recently by using vibration during welding. In this study, the effect of induced harmonic vibration during welding is employed to improve the welding mechanical properties and to reach the best shape of welding line on the surface. The harmonic vibration method is examined experimentally by using four values of mechanical frequency during welding on the ductility, tensile strength and the homogeneity of the welding line. The frequencies were specified according to the natural frequency of the plate. Five simply supported rectangular plates are supported on the supporting stand and welded using a manual arc-welding machine. The experimental results show that the vibration applied during welding generally improved the bend property of the welding line, as well as the tensile strength has been improved distinctively at the resonance case when compared with that one welded without vibration. The morphology of the fillet metal after welding and for each value of frequency show an enhancement in the distribution of the fusion fillet metal, with gradually disappearing of the micro crack that may shown inside the metal with increasing the mechanical frequency. A comparison between the properties of welding without vibration and welding with vibration is discussed

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

Determination of the Size Distribution of Charged Nanoparticles via Capillary Electrophoresis under Variation of Counter-Ion Type and Concentration

In the current study, three different types of NPs were used with varied size, namely, Ludox silica nanoparticles (SNP), polystyrene sulfate latex nanoparticles (PSSL) and cobalt oxyhydroxide nanoparticles (CoOOH-NPs). SNPs with three different size distributions have the nominal particle diameters 7, 12 and 22 nm. PSSLs with four different size distributions have the mean particle diameters 21, 41, 63 and 80 nm. CoOOH-NPs have a mean domain size of 3.7-4.5 nm. While SNPs and PSSLs are negatively charged in alkaline dispersion medium. COOH-NPs were dispersed in acidic medium having a positively charged surface. This study focuses on considering the influence of the variation of the counterion type and its concentration on the determination of the particle size distribution (PSD) of charged nanoparticles using capillary electrophoresis (CE). CE provides a suitable method to measure the size of NPs through converting electropherograms into a PSD. This approach is based on an exact determination of the electrokinetic potential ζ by measuring the electrophoretic mobility in an electrolyte of known composition, in combination with a second independent method that determines the mean particle radius such as TEM or Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA). TDA measurements were used to determine the mean collective diffusion coefficient and the mean hydrodynamic radius via Stokes-Einstein equation. Later, these values of the mean hydrodynamic radius were used in the calculation of the calibration functions to obtain PSDs for the three types of NPs under this study. In addition, preliminary investigations and UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements were made for CoOOH-NPs in an aqueous solution of a monoprotic acid with varied type of anion as counterion. Results obtained show that the continuous decrease in the colour intensity and the absorbance at band maximum for CoOOH-NPs dispersions are independent of the type of anion. For electrophoretic mobility measurements, two series of SNPs were used with varied sizes with different counterion types, namely: Li+, Na+, K+, and guanidinium (Gdm+) with varied ionic strength ( I = 20-120 mmol L-1) at 25 oC. For PSSL with varied sizes, electrophoretic mobility measurements were made with Na+ as counterion in the ionic strength range 10-50 mmol L-1 and with Li+, Na+ and Gdm+ as counterion in the ionic strength range 40-120 mmol L-1, at 20 oC. In the case of CoOOH-NPs, the electrophoretic mobility measurements were made in acidic solution of pH 2 at 25 oC using different methods for coating of the inner capillary wall, because these NPs have a positive charge on their surface. Also, the influence of parameters such as injection parameters, applied electric field strength and concentration of CoOOH-NPs in the sample were investigated. In all investigations, the electrophoretic mobilities for NPs are dependent on the type of counterion, which can be attributed to Hofmeister effects also called the specific ion effects. The modification proposed by Pyell et al. based on an analytic approximation introduced by Ohshima, was used to estimate the electrokinetic potential ζ for all NP types. For the determination of ζ from the obtained electrophoretic mobility, the procedure takes the limiting equivalent conductance of the counterion or its ionic drag coefficient into account neglecting the limiting equivalent conductance or ionic drag coefficient of the co-ion. Results for |ζ | follow the order Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Gdm+ for SNPs and the order Li+ > Na+ > Gdm+ for PSSLs, whereas for CoOOH-NPs there is a decrease in ζ in the order NO3¯ > Cl¯ > CH3SO3¯. This dependence of |ζ| on the type of the counterion is also reflected by the determined values for the electrokinetic surface charge densities |ζ|. Finally, size distributions of NPs were obtained from using the method developed by Pyell and Pyell et al. Electropherograms are converted directly into size distribution functions. The results of using the developed method for SNPs are reliable independent of the type of counterion. There is a good agreement with the results from using TEM analysis for the dispersion (width), which indirectly confirms the validity of the theoretical approach for the calculation of ζ from electrokinetic data and the mean particle size. There are advantages of using Li+ or Na+ compared to the use of K+ or Gdm+ as counterion with regard to preventing particle aggregation and peak distortion via the stabilizing effect due to higher |ζ | and higher |ζ|. In addition, there is a positive impact of the higher ionic drag coefficients on the size-selectivity of the method. For PSSLs, results show acceptable values for the width produced from using the developed method within expected experimental errors. High electrophoretic mobility values and corresponding calibration functions result in very large errors with considerable uncertainty if ζ > 60. However, for CoOOH-NPs the value calculated from the moment analysis for the dispersion is excessively large, which might be due to adsorption effects that influence the estimation of ζ and the corresponding calibration functions. In addition, because of the small mean domain size of the CoOOH-NPs and the use of a low ionic strength electrolyte there is a very small value for ka (ka >> 1). Hence, for CoOOH-NPs the results obtained show the limitations of the investigated approach in the case of this very low reduced radius

الطرز المعمارية لنماذج من البيوت التراثية في مدينة الحلة ( دراسة ميدانية ) Architectural styles of Al- Hilla Heritage houses (Field Study)

Historical documentation studies are very important and fundamental in architectural to evaluate the architectural production , which is suffered from neglect and vandalism for decades and didn’t further confirmation in a previous studies. This research is an attempt to study these styles of Heritage houses To cover the overall knowledge in this field of architectural styles on thinking and application levels. Where there was a lack in extensiveness knowledge in holistic search about architectural style in Al- Hila Heritage houses , so it has been identified the mean search problem ( Can we consider the formal characteristics of Al- Hila Heritage houses are an original style ? , and can we considered this style is an extension of the Babylonian style, by adopting the same philosophical conceptions?

Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Summary Background The global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and corresponding risk factors in children older than 5 years and adults has not been studied as comprehensively as it has been in children younger than 5 years. We assessed the burden and trends of LRIs and risk factors across all age groups by sex, for 204 countries and territories. Methods In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we used clinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. We included International Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7, and 487–489 and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8, J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4, and U04–U04.9. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse 23 109 site-years of vital registration data, 825 site-years of sample vital registration data, 1766 site-years of verbal autopsy data, and 681 site-years of mortality surveillance data. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse age–sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the literature, population-based survey data, and claims and inpatient data. Additionally, we estimated age–sex-specific LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors. Findings Globally, in 2019, we estimated that there were 257 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 240–275) LRI incident episodes in males and 232 million (217–248) in females. In the same year, LRIs accounted for 1·30 million (95% UI 1·18–1·42) male deaths and 1·20 million (1·07–1·33) female deaths. Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates were 1·17 times (95% UI 1·16–1·18) and 1·31 times (95% UI 1·23–1·41) greater in males than in females in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates declined at different rates across age groups and an increase in LRI episodes and deaths was estimated among all adult age groups, with males aged 70 years and older having the highest increase in LRI episodes (126·0% [95% UI 121·4–131·1]) and deaths (100·0% [83·4–115·9]). During the same period, LRI episodes and deaths in children younger than 15 years were estimated to have decreased, and the greatest decline was observed for LRI deaths in males younger than 5 years (–70·7% [–77·2 to –61·8]). The leading risk factors for LRI mortality varied across age groups and sex. More than half of global LRI deaths in children younger than 5 years were attributable to child wasting (population attributable fraction [PAF] 53·0% [95% UI 37·7–61·8] in males and 56·4% [40·7–65·1] in females), and more than a quarter of LRI deaths among those aged 5–14 years were attributable to household air pollution (PAF 26·0% [95% UI 16·6–35·5] for males and PAF 25·8% [16·3–35·4] for females). PAFs of male LRI deaths attributed to smoking were 20·4% (95% UI 15·4–25·2) in those aged 15–49 years, 30·5% (24·1–36·9) in those aged 50–69 years, and 21·9% (16·8–27·3) in those aged 70 years and older. PAFs of female LRI deaths attributed to household air pollution were 21·1% (95% UI 14·5–27·9) in those aged 15–49 years and 18·2% (12·5–24·5) in those aged 50–69 years. For females aged 70 years and older, the leading risk factor, ambient particulate matter, was responsible for 11·7% (95% UI 8·2–15·8) of LRI deaths. Interpretation The patterns and progress in reducing the burden of LRIs and key risk factors for mortality varied across age groups and sexes. The progress seen in children younger than 5 years was clearly a result of targeted interventions, such as vaccination and reduction of exposure to risk factors. Similar interventions for other age groups could contribute to the achievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals targets, including promoting wellbeing at all ages and reducing health inequalities. Interventions, including addressing risk factors such as child wasting, smoking, ambient particulate matter pollution, and household air pollution, would prevent deaths and reduce health disparities

MAPPING LOCAL PATTERNS OF CHILDHOOD OVERWEIGHT AND WASTING IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES BETWEEN 2000 AND 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic