União marital de fato: análise jurisprudencial a partir do direito à legalidade para os companheiros permanentes

Sexual exploitation of children and teenagers is a degrading form of child labor that is one of today’s most serious human rights violations. Th aim of this study, carried out by reviewing national and international literature, is to propose policies and actions to effctively prevent and eradicate sexual exploitation of children and teenagers, ensuring their healthy and balanced physical, psychological, intellectual, moral and social development. It was completed by the “Minorities, Discrimination and Effctiveness” Research Group of the Masters Program on Rights at the Law Center at the Unisal of São Paulo (EU Lorraine). It was associated with the III Latin American Seminar on Human Rights, Multiculturalism and Diversity in Latin America. Th research began in 2011 and was completed in 2012.La unión marital de hecho, como institución humana conformadora de familia, es una realidad y un tema fundamental para esta investigación, cuyo punto de partida es una introspección sobre la familia formada por vínculos naturales frente a la conformada por vínculo de matrimonio. Las grandes transformaciones culturales y el cambio de mentalidad alrededor de la familia, exigen mirar a cónyuges y compañeros permanentes en la misma esfera de valores derechos y deberes, por lo que el derecho a la igualdad es la piedra angular de los pronunciamientos de las Altas Cortes de cara a la situación de la familia en Colombia.A união marital de fato, como instituição humana conformadora de família, é uma realidade e um tema fundamental para esta pesquisa, cujo ponto de partida é uma introspecção sobre a família formada por vínculos naturais em relação à conformada por vínculo de matrimônio. As grandes transformações culturais e a mudança de mentalidade sobre a família exigem ver os cônjuges e companheiros permanentes na mesma esfera de valores, direitos e deveres, razão pela qual o direito à igualdade é a pedra angular dos pronunciamentos das Altas Cortes de cara à situação da família na Colômbia

Evaluación geológica - minera del ANAP Colca : Prospectos Colca y Huallpachaca

El Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico a través de las Dirección de Recursos Mineros Energéticos y la Actividad de Área de No Adminsión de Petitorios (ANAP), desarrolló la evaluación geológico económica de del ANAP Colca. El ANAP Colca está ubicado en la región Apurímac, dentro de la provincia de Cotabambas (hoja topográfica 28-r), en los distritos de Cotabambas y Tambobamba, comprendiendo las comunidades de Colca, Pamparki, Paruro, Huañec y Huamancharpa. Tiene un área de 14100 hectáreas y se encuentra a una altura promedio de 2900 m.s.n.m. Dentro del ANAP Colca se ha reconocido dos prospectos que según su importancia económica son: Colca (6200 has) y Hualpachaca (5600 has). La geología está mayormente conformada por rocas del Grupo Tacaza, de edad Paleógeno – Neógeno, que consisten de lavas andesíticas afaníticas y porfiríticas en menor proporción, moderadamente alteradas, con irregular presencia de minerales de cobre, zinc, plomo y oro; rocas intrusivas conformado por dioritas, tonalitas y granodioritas que corresponden al Plutón Cotabambas y Plutón Colca expuestas en el sector sur del ANAP de edad Paleógeno – Neógeno. Las alteraciones hidrotermales observadas en el ANAP Colca son la alteración propilítica y argílica presentándose de manera moderada a débil. La alteración propilítica (clr- ep- ser- calc) ha sido observada mayormente al norte del poblado de Cutuctuy principalmente en la carretera que desciende de Cutuctuy al río Apurímac. La alteración argílica (ser- Arcs - spe - ep) es la que prevalece en el Prospecto Colca no se evidencia alteración filica por la ausencia de cuarzo y pirita por lo que se presume que el yacimiento mineral podría encontrase en el nivel alto del sistema quizás a mayor profundidad se encuentre las asociaciones mineralógicas típicas de esta alteración. La mineralización en ambos prospectos se manifiestan como vetas epitermales de intermedia sulfuración debido a la presencia de óxidos de Fe como jarosita, goethita, especularita; carbonatos (malaquita) y sulfuros como pirita, calcopirita, pirrotita, arsenopirita en trazas. En particular en las zonas de Ninaraura, Cutuctuy y Callapunco del Prospecto Colca con los datos de prospección geofísica mediante la aplicación de Inducción polarizada (IP) con valores altos en cargabilidad (>20 mV/V) y altos en resistividad de 110 -2200 Ohm*m. conducen a direccionar un posible emplazamiento de un depósito tipo pórfido de Cu-Au tanto en la andesita y en el contacto con el intrusivo diorítico. En un recorrido realizado en las cabeceras del río Aquilano, el contacto del intrusivo diorítico y las calizas de la formación Arcurquina (Ferrobamba) forman un skarn donde actualmente realizan labores de minería informal en las comunidades de Pamparki y Colca. Se recolectaron 445 muestras de esquirlas de roca de las cuales tenemos el resultado geoquímico con los valores de Au, destacando los sectores de: Ninaraura con 04 muestras anómalas cuyos valores oscilan de 859 ppb (Rocol-602) a 3063 ppb (Rocol-417), Marangallay con una muestra anómala de 975 ppb (Rocol-547), faldas del cerro Huayllaje en la margen izquierda del río Aquilano con una muestra anómala de 2200 ppb (Rocol-482) y en la zona de Pamparki (Margen izquierda del río Apurímac) una muestra anómala de 1594 ppb (Rocol-523). Estos valores son interesantes en una etapa de exploración (prospección). Es importante mencionar que el prospecto Huallpachaca se encuentra ubicado en el mismo corredor estructural de orientación NE – SO a una distancia horizontal de ± 3 kilómetros en línea recta del pórfido Cotabambas (Cu-Au) de propiedad de Panoro Minerals Ltd

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Seasonal drought limits tree species across the Neotropics

Within the tropics, the species richness of tree communities is strongly and positively associated with precipitation. Previous research has suggested that this macroecological pattern is driven by the negative effect of water-stress on the physiological processes of most tree species. This process implies that the range limits of taxa are defined by their ability to occur under dry conditions, and thus in terms of species distributions it predicts a nested pattern of taxa distribution from wet to dry areas. However, this ‘dry-tolerance’ hypothesis has yet to be adequately tested at large spatial and taxonomic scales. Here, using a dataset of 531 inventory plots of closed canopy forest distributed across the Western Neotropics we investigated how precipitation, evaluated both as mean annual precipitation and as the maximum climatological water deficit, influences the distribution of tropical tree species, genera and families. We find that the distributions of tree taxa are indeed nested along precipitation gradients in the western Neotropics. Taxa tolerant to seasonal drought are disproportionally widespread across the precipitation gradient, with most reaching even the wettest climates sampled; however, most taxa analysed are restricted to wet areas. Our results suggest that the ‘dry tolerance’ hypothesis has broad applicability in the world's most species-rich forests. In addition, the large number of species restricted to wetter conditions strongly indicates that an increased frequency of drought could severely threaten biodiversity in this region. Overall, this study establishes a baseline for exploring how tropical forest tree composition may change in response to current and future environmental changes in this region

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions