Ayatollah Khomeini’s Thought on Islamic Government

Ayatollah Khomeini Islamic government theory appeared in contrary with almost all governmental theories in the history of Shi‟a school of thought. His insist over necessity of establishment of Islamic government, the role he recognized for the jurists as administrators of Islamic country, the dimension of power he portrayed for the jurists, made his theory more unique and controversial. During a half of century from writing of his first political book in 1943 till his death in 1989 in the position of supreme leader of Islamic Republic of Iran, he gradually formed, developed, revised and formulated his Governance of the Jurist theory. Therefore, the first objective of the study is to understand the theoretical framework of Ayatollah Khomeini‟s governmental thought and how this framework affected his theorizing. The second objective aims to identifying the main structure of the theory and mutual interactions between different elements of it. To do this, research goes beyond available literature on Ayatollah Khomeini; to not only present his theory, but to reveal its underlying structure. The researcher by using Meta-theorizing as a means of attaining a deeper understanding of theory (Mu) and dealing with two dimensions of internal–social and internal- intellectual factors focused on revealing the role of social and historical events and elements as well as intellectual factors in formulating of his thought. The findings revealed that Ayatollah Khomeini approached the subject of Islamic government from an interdisciplinary approach: philosophical mystical, jurisprudential and political approaches. It was philosophy and mystic that convinced him manifestation of perfect human beings as caliphs of God in the earth is possible. Jurisprudence brought him to the conclusion that implementation of divine ordinance (Shari‟a) make ground to educate, reform and manifest of perfect human being, paving the way for temporal and spiritual salvation. By politics he believes that existence of none or anti Islamic government and unjust political order are the main impediments to implementation of Shari‟a and divine ordinance. All these convinced him that establishment of Islamic government under guidance of Guardian of Jurist is necessity. The research revealed that he by invoking to both transmitting and intellectual reasons tried to justify his belief about divine right of the jurist in administration of Islamic country and at the same time believed to dual structure of legitimacy (divine – popular) in defining the role of people in administration of the country. The internal-social factors as his background (family, religion and education) and his intellectual pursuits (activities and intellectual connections), leaved an undeniable effect on his thought and formulated the social and political structure of his thought. Moreover, the internal-intellectual factors as the dominant paradigms and schools both classic and contemporary in study of Islamic government affected and formulated the intellectual or the cognitive structure of his thought. In conclusion, Ayatollah Khomeini‟s Islamic government theory which formed, developed and formulated in the course of time, mainly is result of influential social, political and intellectual factors that he was affected by in his life time. Catching to underlying structures of theory as well as the foundations of thought, could be possible only by undertaking holistic and comprehensive study of both theory and theorist

The Main Associated Symptoms Related to COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) Among Pediatric Patients

Context: Findings have been perceived that only fewer children face COVID-19 and among infected, they have fewer violent signs. Being less severity among children could be significant for meditating therapeutics for high-risk adults and the elderly.  Evidence Acquisition: This study reviewed the main associated symptoms related to COVID-19 such as epidemiologic, laboratory-related, and therapeutic aspects among pediatric patients. In this narrative review, the most recent reproduced data on pediatric patients’ clinical revelation with COVID-19 have been considered and reviewed. Results: All ages of pediatric patients were susceptible against the COVID-19. There wasn’t any significant sex difference. Asymptomatic, mild, or moderate signs were reported in more than 90% of all patients. Although pediatric patients clinical appearance of COVID-19 was commonly less severe compare to adult patients, young pediatric patients, exclusively infants, were vulnerable to infection. Conclusion: It is important that clinicians must be informed of possible clinical manifestations of pediatric patients ’COVID-19 cases to avoid neglecting or overdiagnosis of patients. As well as, this review provided strong documents of human-to-human transmission. &nbsp

Assessment of antibiotic resistance pattern in Acinetobacter bumannii carrying bla oxA type genes isolated from hospitalized patients

AbstractPlease cite this article as: Goudarzi H, Douraghi M, Ghalavand Z, Goudarzi M. Assessment of antibiotic resistance pattern in Acinetobacter baumannii carrying bla oxA type genes isolated from hospitalized patients. Novel Biomed 2013;1(2):54-61.Introduction: Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative coccobacillus and one of the most opportunistic pathogens responsible for serious infections in hospitalized patients.Methods: During a 12 month study, 221 clinical isolates and 22 environmental Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were collected. In vitro susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates to 13 antimicrobial agents amikacin; cefepime; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; meropenem; piperacillin/tazobactam; sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim; imipenem; tigecycline; colistin; gentamycin; ceftriaxone; levofloxacin was performed by the disk diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration(MICs) of imipenem; levofloxacin and cefepime.was done by the E-test according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria. blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-51genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing.Results: The result of antimicrobial susceptibility test of clinical isolates by the disk diffusion method revealed that that all strains of Acinetobacter baumannii were resistant to piperacillin/tazobactam. The rates of resistance to the majority of antibiotics tested varied between 69% and 100 %, with the exception of tigecycline and colistin. Of 221 isolates tested 99(44.8%) were XDR. All strains carry a blaOXA-51-like gene. blaOXA-23gene was the most prevalence among blaOXA-types.Conclusion: colistin and tigecycline can be effective drugs for treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Continuous Surveillance for Acinetobacter baumannii multidrug-resistant strains is necessary to prevent the further spread of resistant isolates

Assessment of correlation between urinary secretary IgA (sIgA) levels and different types of urinary tract infection (UTI) in various age groups

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) currently rank among the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide, with chronic and recurrent infections being especially problematic. Urinary secretory IgA (sIgA) in mucosal surface is an important immunological defense in preventing bacterial adherence to periurethral epithelia and uroepithelial. This is a thematic review describing and focusing on a central element which is  taken into consideration from different point of views .So, the present study  surveyed a brief consideration of assessment correlation between urinary sIgA levels and urinary tract infection (UTI) in various age groups. In children with anatomic abnormalities, higher rates of sIgA was seen compared to children without anatomic abnormalities. The interesting point was that children with recurrent UTI with normal urinary tract had lower levels of sIgA compared to the control group. Also, no remarkable difference of the sIgA concentration rate was seen in healthy and rUTI children who had no bacteriuria; yet, it was considerably higher in children with bacteriuria. It was proven that locally synthesized sIgA was low in patients’ urine with recurrent UTI, independent of the presence or absence of bacteriuria. UTI did not interfere with sIgA secretion as shown by high sIgA in patients with upper UTI. Low urinary sIgA may illustrate one factor predisposing to recurrent UTI. The outcomes displayed that the existence of sIgA is associated with the UTI in children as well as in adults; however, sIgA showed to be manipulative to the infective agent and can also be applied to recognize infection type. Therefore, evaluation of urine antibody levels can provide another marker of host responses to infection, which can be used either as a simple screening test or could be beneficial to facilitate along with other experiments in establishing an assessment

Development and validation of a HPTLC method for analysis of Sunitinib malate

A simple high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) has been developed and validated for determination of sunitinib malate and possible impurities. The samples were applied in forms of bands on an aluminum TLC plate pre-coated with silica gel and were separated using dichloromethane: methanol: toluene: ammonia solution as the mobile phase. Sunitinib malate was thoroughly separated from impurities including E-isomer, sunitinib N-oxide and impurity B with a retention factor (RF) of 0.35±0.02. Quantitative analysis of sunitinib was carried out using a mobile phase consisting of dichloromethane:methanol:ammonia solution, RF value was 0.53±0.02 for Z isomer. Detection was performed densitometrically in absorbance mode at 430 nm. This method was found to produce sharp, symmetrical, and well resolved peaks. Linear relationship with the coefficients of determination >; 0.99 was achieved over the concentration range of 27.34 to 437.5 ng/spot. This method provides robust, replicable and accurate results with acceptable sensitivity

Ayatollah Khomeini and the foundation of legitimacy of power and government

Ayatollah Khomeini, in contrary with pre-dominant trend of thought in Shi’a, announced establishment of Islamic government in the occultation era necessary and an obligation for jurists. He with invoke to a set of transmitting and intellectual reasons tried to justify his theory of “Governance of the Jurist” and granted to it a divine legitimacy, which is examined in the first part of the present research. But how he viewed the role of people in legitimizing of his acceptable type of government? Despite that he believed to divine legitimacy of Governance of the Jurists, but acceptance and satisfactory of people was also strongly emphasized by him. In second part of the present research, the researcher investigates how he combined between divine right of the jurists and popular right in legitimizing of power and government

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens