Unveiling evolutionary algorithm representation with DU maps

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have proven to be effective in tackling problems in many different domains. However, users are often required to spend a significant amount of effort in fine-tuning the EA parameters in order to make the algorithm work. In principle, visualization tools may be of great help in this laborious task, but current visualization tools are either EA-specific, and hence hardly available to all users, or too general to convey detailed information. In this work, we study the Diversity and Usage map (DU map), a compact visualization for analyzing a key component of every EA, the representation of solutions. In a single heat map, the DU map visualizes for entire runs how diverse the genotype is across the population and to which degree each gene in the genotype contributes to the solution. We demonstrate the generality of the DU map concept by applying it to six EAs that use different representations (bit and integer strings, trees, ensembles of trees, and neural networks). We present the results of an online user study about the usability of the DU map which confirm the suitability of the proposed tool and provide important insights on our design choices. By providing a visualization tool that can be easily tailored by specifying the diversity (D) and usage (U) functions, the DU map aims at being a powerful analysis tool for EAs practitioners, making EAs more transparent and hence lowering the barrier for their use

Atherosclerosis and Bone Loss in Humans–Results From Deceased Donors and From Patients Submitted to Carotid Endarterectomy

Funding: We wish to thank all the collaborators (administrative staff, nurses, etc.) of the surgery block, as well as the doctors of the vascular surgery and transplantation departments of the Hospital of Santa Maria for the availability and assistance in the collection of the samples. We also thank Sociedade Portuguesa de Reumatologia for funding with two fellowships: Fundo de Apoio à Investigação 2014 and SPR/MSD 2015. DC-F received funding from a PhD grant from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/80940/2011).Background and Aims: Atherosclerosis and osteoporosis share common risk factors, as well as inflammatory mechanisms. Our aim was to understand how atherosclerotic lesions are related with disturbances in bone. Methods: Gene expression of pro-inflammatory and bone metabolism related proteins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, TNF, RANKL, OPG, COL1, CTSK, OCL, TRAP, CBFA1, DKK1, SOST, ADIPOQ, and ADIPOR1) were analyzed in arteries and bones from 45 deceased donors and adipose tissue was used as control. Additionally, in 139 patients with advanced atherosclerosis submitted to carotid endarterectomy we compared calcium content (Alizarin red) and plaque inflammatory scores (CD3+, CD68+, and adiponectin) of patients with normal bone mineral density (BMD) with those with low BMD and explored the associations between gene expression in atherosclerotic plaques and BMD. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory and bone related proteins were measured both in donors and patients. Associations were investigated by the Pearson or Spearman correlation tests, and multivariate regression analyzes were performed when justified. Results: Gene expression of bone remodeling and pro-inflammatory proteins correlated positively in bone and aorta, independently of age and sex of donors, but not in adipose tissue. The expression of bone formation genes was significantly higher in atheroma plaques from endarterectomized patients with normal vs. low BMD as well as inflammatory CD68+ scores, regardless of patients' age and sex, but not of body mass index. No relationship was observed between serum levels and gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory or bone remodeling proteins. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the relationship between bones and vessels in the context of atherosclerotic disease and osteoporosis may rely on the intrinsic connection between the tissues involved, independently of disease stage. Serum measurements of pro-inflammatory and bone-remodeling proteins do not accurately translate tissue pathologic processes.publishersversionpublishe

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Evaluation of macular choroidal thickness after combined encircling scleral buckling and pars plana vitrectomy for primary retinal detachment repair

Dataset of the manuscript entitled "Evaluation of macular choroidal thickness after combined encircling scleral buckling and pars plana vitrectomy for primary retinal detachment repair", including all figures, graphs and tables

Estoques de carbono no solo e na biomassa em plantações de eucalipto Carbon storage in the soil and in the biomass of eucalypt plantations

O eucalipto é a principal espécie florestal plantada no Brasil. Todavia, são escassas informações acerca do C estocado no solo e na biomassa desses plantios. Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o estoque de C no solo (ECS) em plantações de eucalipto e determinar quais características edafoclimáticas determinam esse estoque. O estudo foi conduzido em eucalipto cultivado na região centro-leste do Estado de Minas Gerais, abrangendo cinco regiões: Cocais (CO), Rio Doce (RD), Sabinópolis (SA), Santa Bárbara (SB) e Virginópolis (VI). Foi calculado o estoque de C no solo até 100 cm de profundidade em plantações de eucalipto em áreas com predomínio de seis classes de solo: Cambissolo Háplico (CX), Latossolo Amarelo (LA), Latossolo Vermelho (LV), Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA), Neossolo Flúvico (RU) e Plintossolo Pétrico (FF). Os estoques de C no solo variaram entre regiões e classes de solo. O maior ECS ocorreu no LV, com 183,07 t ha-1 de C, seguido pelas classes de CX, LVA, LA, FF e RU, com 135,65, 130,95, 121,58, 112,01 e 95,08 t ha-1 de C, respectivamente. Em relação ao estoque médio de C no solo por região, considerando todas as classes de solo, o maior ECS foi de 141,22 t ha-1; determinado na região de VI, na profundidade até 100 cm de profundidade, seguida pelas regiões SA, CO, SB e RD, com 135,54, 127,26, 112,89 e 80,79 t ha-1 de C, respectivamente. Ao se considerar o estoque de C total no sistema solo-planta, aos 84 meses de idade, a região de SA foi a que apresentou maior estoque, com 251,61 t ha-1; e a região de RD, o menor estoque, com 186,84 t ha-1 de C. O ECS pode ser estimado por equações compostas por características edofoclimáticas, sendo a variação em ECS explicada por características como teor de argila e de Al3+; pela altitude e pelo déficit hídrico da região.<br>Eucalypt is the main commercial forest species in Brazil, but very little information is available in the literature on the amount of carbon stored in the soil and in the biomass of these forest stands. The main objective of this study was to estimate the amount of soil-stored carbon (SSC) of eucalypt plantations and determine soil and climate characteristics that influence SSC. The study was carried out in the Central-Eastern region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in five micro-regions (CO, RD, SB, SA, and VI) with varying soil and climatic conditions. Soil carbon was determined to a depth of 100 cm. Carbon in the forest floor was estimated by allometric equations. The carbon stored in the soil-plant system differed among micro-regions and soil classes. SSC ranged from 183.1 t ha-1 in Red Latosol to 95.1 t ha-1 in Inceptisol, and was negatively correlated to soil K, Ca2+; and Mg2+ content and density in the top soil layer. SSC was highest in the micro-region VI (141.2 t ha-1; average value for all soil types) and lowest in RD (80.8 t ha-1). Considering the soil-plant ecosystem and the usual rotation age (84 months), the absolute SSC value was greatest in the micro-region SA (251.6 t ha-1) and lowest in RD (186.8 t ha-1). Regression equations showed that the clay and aluminum content and altitude and water stress explained most of the SSC variation