Namenentwicklung und Namengebung in Ober- und Unterschichten des frühen 9. Jahrhunderts in der Île-de France

Development of Names and Name-Giving in Upper and Lower Classes in Early Ninth-Century Île-de-France. – This onomastic article about names and name giving intends to demonstrate possible cooperations between philologists and historians. The rich material of personal names in the polyptych of Saint-Germain-des-Prés near Paris from the early ninth century, on the one hand, allows an interesting philological analysis of the morphology, phonetics and lexicology of names in a region of previously intensive ‘Germanic’ and Gallo-Roman acculturation. On the other hand, it permits an analysis of different motives of name giving, particularly the familial transmission of names or of their elements to the children as well as the use of Christian names. It is further interesting to compare these peasant names with those of the upper classes. As a kind of test drilling, this article is based on an analysis of four fisci of the polyptych (Palaiseau, Villemeux, Villeneuve, Béconcelle), compared with the names of monks, donors and witnesses of the same period and region. Considering the processes that a language runs through in a situation of continuous bilinguism, the names reveal a broad spectrum of Romanization (phonetic and morphological assimilation) as well as of hybrid names with Germanic and Romance elements or suffixes, as far as forming new name elements by an etymologically ‘false’ segmentation. Although this development is generally observed in all social classes, certain phenomena, such as spirantization of stops, coupling Romance suffixes with Germanic elements, or the formation of names by constructing new elements, are much more common among the peasants. Concerning name giving, the whole spectrum of traditional forms of ‘inheriting’ the whole name of one parent or one element of both the paternal or maternal name (‘variation’), in various combinations, seems to be complemented by further forms, such as alliteration or ‘rhyme’, but also by using different, and new, kinds of variation, namely either slight phonetical variations of the same name or by using different, but phonetically similar lemmata. The ‘Romanized’ forms as a linguistic development are frequently integrated into this ‘system’ of name giving in order to differentiate between the namebearers. While a ‘Romanization’ of non- Romance names is well under way, the ‘Christianization’ of names is still in its initial stages. In the Paris area, ‘Christian’, particularly biblical names are more common among monks and clerics than among peasants, who, however, use the whole spectrum (biblical, ‘talking names’, names composed with Crist-, names of saints), frequently prefer variations of biblical names and combine them with other elements. From a functional and pragmatic perspective, Romance and Christian names are used like and adapted to names of etymologically Germanic origin, while the linguistic principles of name-formation are maintained and the Romance and Germanic onomastic morphology still coexist

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Determination of the strong coupling constant αs from transverse energy–energy correlations in multijet events at s√=8 TeV using the ATLAS detector

Measurements of transverse energy–energy correlations and their associated asymmetries in multi-jet events using the ATLAS detector at the LHC are presented. The data used correspond to s√=8 TeV proton–proton collisions with an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb−1 . The results are presented in bins of the scalar sum of the transverse momenta of the two leading jets, unfolded to the particle level and compared to the predictions from Monte Carlo simulations. A comparison with next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD is also performed, showing excellent agreement within the uncertainties. From this comparison, the value of the strong coupling constant is extracted for different energy regimes, thus testing the running of αs(μ) predicted in QCD up to scales over 1 TeV . A global fit to the transverse energy–energy correlation distributions yields αs(mZ)=0.1162±0.0011(exp.) +0.0084−0.0070(theo.) , while a global fit to the asymmetry distributions yields a value of αs(mZ)=0.1196±0.0013(exp.) +0.0075−0.0045(theo.)

The Comet Interceptor Mission

Here we describe the novel, multi-point Comet Interceptor mission. It is dedicated to the exploration of a little-processed long-period comet, possibly entering the inner Solar System for the first time, or to encounter an interstellar object originating at another star. The objectives of the mission are to address the following questions: What are the surface composition, shape, morphology, and structure of the target object? What is the composition of the gas and dust in the coma, its connection to the nucleus, and the nature of its interaction with the solar wind? The mission was proposed to the European Space Agency in 2018, and formally adopted by the agency in June 2022, for launch in 2029 together with the Ariel mission. Comet Interceptor will take advantage of the opportunity presented by ESA’s F-Class call for fast, flexible, low-cost missions to which it was proposed. The call required a launch to a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L2 point. The mission can take advantage of this placement to wait for the discovery of a suitable comet reachable with its minimum ΔV capability of 600 ms−1. Comet Interceptor will be unique in encountering and studying, at a nominal closest approach distance of 1000 km, a comet that represents a near-pristine sample of material from the formation of the Solar System. It will also add a capability that no previous cometary mission has had, which is to deploy two sub-probes – B1, provided by the Japanese space agency, JAXA, and B2 – that will follow different trajectories through the coma. While the main probe passes at a nominal 1000 km distance, probes B1 and B2 will follow different chords through the coma at distances of 850 km and 400 km, respectively. The result will be unique, simultaneous, spatially resolved information of the 3-dimensional properties of the target comet and its interaction with the space environment. We present the mission’s science background leading to these objectives, as well as an overview of the scientific instruments, mission design, and schedule