Monitoreo de reactor anaeróbico semi-continuo para el tratamiento de residuos de cereales : Parte I

Este trabajo se focalizó en el monitoreo del proceso degradativo en un reactor anaeróbico de 14,7 m3 alimentado con un residuo de cereales, con velocidades de carga (VC) variables durante 7 meses. El efluente fue tratado por tres piletas en serie como sistema de tratamiento (ST), reutilizándose el agua tratada dentro del reactor. Se determinó la producción de biogás acumulada (PA) y diferentes parámetros físicoquímicos en el efluente y su ST. Los resultados mostraron una PA de 217 lKgSV-1 al mes 7, trabajándose en condiciones estables durante todo el proceso, según las variables analizadas. El efluente mostró valores altos de DBO, DQO y NH4⁺, removiéndose un 82%, 83% y 84% respectivamente con el ST. La CE se incrementó en el tiempo, probablemente debido a la recirculación del efluente y como consecuencia del incremento de la alcalinidad. Las características del efluente mostraron que puede ser riesgosa su utilización como riego.This work was focused on monitoring the degradation process in a 14.7 m3 anaerobic reactor fed with cereals waste, with different loading rate for seven months. The effluent was treated by a treatment system (TS) consisted in three ponds in series; the treated water was reused in the reactor. The cumulative biogas production (CBP) and different physicalchemical parameters in the effluent and in the TS were determined. The results showed a CBP of 217 lKgVS-1 up to month 7, working in a stable condition throughout the process, according to the variables analyzed. The effluent showed high values of BOD, COD and NH4⁺, removing 82%, 83% and 84% respectively in the TS. The CE was increased, probably due to the recirculation of the effluent and as a result of the increase in the alkalinity. However, the characteristics of this effluent showed that can be risky to use as irrigation.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Monitoreo de un reactor anaeróbico semi-continuo para el tratamiento de la fracción orgánica de los residuos sólidos urbanos : Parte II

El objetivo de este trabajo fue el monitoreo del proceso degradativo en un reactor anaeróbico de 14,7 m3 alimentado con una mezcla de la fracción orgánica de residuos sólidos urbanos (FORSU) y residuos de cereales (H-S) durante 8 meses. Se determinó la producción de biogás y pH, CE, ácido grasos volátiles (AGV), alcalinidad parcial (AP), total (AT) y los indicadores de estabilidad (alfa y AGV/AT) en el efluente. Además, se determinaron la DBO, DQO, NTK, NH4⁺, %ST, %SV y diferentes iones en la CD. Los resultados mostraron una producción de 150,02 l de biogás por kg SV agregados, trabajándose en condiciones estables durante todo el proceso, excepto en los meses 5 y 8, pudiendo evidenciarse la sensibilidad de los indicadores de estabilidad del proceso. Las características del efluente demostraron la necesidad de un tratamiento antes de la disposición final del agua residual en el suelo o en un cuerpo de agua.The aim of this work was to monitor the degradation process in a 14,7 m3 anaerobic reactor fed with a mixture of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and cereals waste (CW) for eight months. Biogas production and the chemical parameters pH, conductivity (CE), volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), partial alkalinity (PA), total (TA) and indicators of stability (alpha and VFA/AT) were determined. Furthermore, the BOD, COD, TNK, NH4⁺, %TS, %VS and different ions in the CD were measured. The results showed a biogas production of 150 lKgSV-1, working in a stable condition throughout the process, except in the months 5 and 8, demonstrating the sensitivity of indicators of process stability. The characteristics of the effluent showed the need for treatment before the final disposal of waste water in the soil or in surface water.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Monitoreo de un reactor anaeróbico semi-continuo para el tratamiento de la fracción orgánica de los residuos sólidos urbanos : Parte II

El objetivo de este trabajo fue el monitoreo del proceso degradativo en un reactor anaeróbico de 14,7 m3 alimentado con una mezcla de la fracción orgánica de residuos sólidos urbanos (FORSU) y residuos de cereales (H-S) durante 8 meses. Se determinó la producción de biogás y pH, CE, ácido grasos volátiles (AGV), alcalinidad parcial (AP), total (AT) y los indicadores de estabilidad (alfa y AGV/AT) en el efluente. Además, se determinaron la DBO, DQO, NTK, NH4⁺, %ST, %SV y diferentes iones en la CD. Los resultados mostraron una producción de 150,02 l de biogás por kg SV agregados, trabajándose en condiciones estables durante todo el proceso, excepto en los meses 5 y 8, pudiendo evidenciarse la sensibilidad de los indicadores de estabilidad del proceso. Las características del efluente demostraron la necesidad de un tratamiento antes de la disposición final del agua residual en el suelo o en un cuerpo de agua.The aim of this work was to monitor the degradation process in a 14,7 m3 anaerobic reactor fed with a mixture of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and cereals waste (CW) for eight months. Biogas production and the chemical parameters pH, conductivity (CE), volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), partial alkalinity (PA), total (TA) and indicators of stability (alpha and VFA/AT) were determined. Furthermore, the BOD, COD, TNK, NH4⁺, %TS, %VS and different ions in the CD were measured. The results showed a biogas production of 150 lKgSV-1, working in a stable condition throughout the process, except in the months 5 and 8, demonstrating the sensitivity of indicators of process stability. The characteristics of the effluent showed the need for treatment before the final disposal of waste water in the soil or in surface water.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Monitoreo de un reactor anaeróbico semi-continuo para el tratamiento de la fracción orgánica de los residuos sólidos urbanos : Parte II

El objetivo de este trabajo fue el monitoreo del proceso degradativo en un reactor anaeróbico de 14,7 m3 alimentado con una mezcla de la fracción orgánica de residuos sólidos urbanos (FORSU) y residuos de cereales (H-S) durante 8 meses. Se determinó la producción de biogás y pH, CE, ácido grasos volátiles (AGV), alcalinidad parcial (AP), total (AT) y los indicadores de estabilidad (alfa y AGV/AT) en el efluente. Además, se determinaron la DBO, DQO, NTK, NH4⁺, %ST, %SV y diferentes iones en la CD. Los resultados mostraron una producción de 150,02 l de biogás por kg SV agregados, trabajándose en condiciones estables durante todo el proceso, excepto en los meses 5 y 8, pudiendo evidenciarse la sensibilidad de los indicadores de estabilidad del proceso. Las características del efluente demostraron la necesidad de un tratamiento antes de la disposición final del agua residual en el suelo o en un cuerpo de agua.The aim of this work was to monitor the degradation process in a 14,7 m3 anaerobic reactor fed with a mixture of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and cereals waste (CW) for eight months. Biogas production and the chemical parameters pH, conductivity (CE), volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), partial alkalinity (PA), total (TA) and indicators of stability (alpha and VFA/AT) were determined. Furthermore, the BOD, COD, TNK, NH4⁺, %TS, %VS and different ions in the CD were measured. The results showed a biogas production of 150 lKgSV-1, working in a stable condition throughout the process, except in the months 5 and 8, demonstrating the sensitivity of indicators of process stability. The characteristics of the effluent showed the need for treatment before the final disposal of waste water in the soil or in surface water.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Monitoreo de reactor anaeróbico semi-continuo para el tratamiento de residuos de cereales : Parte I

Este trabajo se focalizó en el monitoreo del proceso degradativo en un reactor anaeróbico de 14,7 m3 alimentado con un residuo de cereales, con velocidades de carga (VC) variables durante 7 meses. El efluente fue tratado por tres piletas en serie como sistema de tratamiento (ST), reutilizándose el agua tratada dentro del reactor. Se determinó la producción de biogás acumulada (PA) y diferentes parámetros físicoquímicos en el efluente y su ST. Los resultados mostraron una PA de 217 lKgSV-1 al mes 7, trabajándose en condiciones estables durante todo el proceso, según las variables analizadas. El efluente mostró valores altos de DBO, DQO y NH4⁺, removiéndose un 82%, 83% y 84% respectivamente con el ST. La CE se incrementó en el tiempo, probablemente debido a la recirculación del efluente y como consecuencia del incremento de la alcalinidad. Las características del efluente mostraron que puede ser riesgosa su utilización como riego.This work was focused on monitoring the degradation process in a 14.7 m3 anaerobic reactor fed with cereals waste, with different loading rate for seven months. The effluent was treated by a treatment system (TS) consisted in three ponds in series; the treated water was reused in the reactor. The cumulative biogas production (CBP) and different physicalchemical parameters in the effluent and in the TS were determined. The results showed a CBP of 217 lKgVS-1 up to month 7, working in a stable condition throughout the process, according to the variables analyzed. The effluent showed high values of BOD, COD and NH4⁺, removing 82%, 83% and 84% respectively in the TS. The CE was increased, probably due to the recirculation of the effluent and as a result of the increase in the alkalinity. However, the characteristics of this effluent showed that can be risky to use as irrigation.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Monitoreo de reactor anaeróbico semi-continuo para el tratamiento de residuos de cereales : Parte I

Este trabajo se focalizó en el monitoreo del proceso degradativo en un reactor anaeróbico de 14,7 m3 alimentado con un residuo de cereales, con velocidades de carga (VC) variables durante 7 meses. El efluente fue tratado por tres piletas en serie como sistema de tratamiento (ST), reutilizándose el agua tratada dentro del reactor. Se determinó la producción de biogás acumulada (PA) y diferentes parámetros físicoquímicos en el efluente y su ST. Los resultados mostraron una PA de 217 lKgSV-1 al mes 7, trabajándose en condiciones estables durante todo el proceso, según las variables analizadas. El efluente mostró valores altos de DBO, DQO y NH4⁺, removiéndose un 82%, 83% y 84% respectivamente con el ST. La CE se incrementó en el tiempo, probablemente debido a la recirculación del efluente y como consecuencia del incremento de la alcalinidad. Las características del efluente mostraron que puede ser riesgosa su utilización como riego.This work was focused on monitoring the degradation process in a 14.7 m3 anaerobic reactor fed with cereals waste, with different loading rate for seven months. The effluent was treated by a treatment system (TS) consisted in three ponds in series; the treated water was reused in the reactor. The cumulative biogas production (CBP) and different physicalchemical parameters in the effluent and in the TS were determined. The results showed a CBP of 217 lKgVS-1 up to month 7, working in a stable condition throughout the process, according to the variables analyzed. The effluent showed high values of BOD, COD and NH4⁺, removing 82%, 83% and 84% respectively in the TS. The CE was increased, probably due to the recirculation of the effluent and as a result of the increase in the alkalinity. However, the characteristics of this effluent showed that can be risky to use as irrigation.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. FUNDING: WHO

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings