Procesos cognitivos y de lectura en niños normolectores y disléxicos guatemaltecos : un estudio transversal

El aprendizaje de la lectura requiere del desarrollo y madurez de ciertos procesos cognitivos asociados a una enseñanza temprana y sistemática. En países en desarrollo como Guatemala, aprender a leer tiene impacto sobre la vida futura de una persona; leer bien permitirá tener acceso a una vida de oportunidades. Existen pocos estudios en Guatemala que han descrito los procesos cognitivos relacionados a la lectura utilizando tecnología multimedia. El propósito de este trabajo fue analizar, por primera vez y de forma sistematizada, en una ortografía transparente, el desarrollo evolutivo de los procesos cognitivos involucrados en la lectura en niños guatemaltecos disléxicos y normolectores. La muestra estuvo constituida por 226 niños de 3° hasta 6°curso de escuelas públicas y privadas de la ciudad de Guatemala, los cuales fueron divididos en dos grupos: niños con dislexia y normolectores pareados en edad y sexo. A todos los niños se les administró de forma colectiva una prueba de inteligencia factor "g", y de memoria de trabajo verbal, así como la herramienta informática SICOLE-R-Primaria que evalúa diferentes competencias cognitivas y de lectura: procesos perceptivos, morfológico, ortográfico y sintáctico-semántico. Se encontró un patrón evolutivo del perfil cognitivo de los niños guatemaltecos disléxicos y normolectores estudiados muy similar al encontrado en ortografía transparente. Los hallazgos muestran en todos los procesos cognitivos diferencias evolutivas entre los niños del 3° curso en comparación con los de 5° y 6° curso. Se analizan los hallazgos y se discuten las repercusiones e implicación que tiene la detección temprana de niños con dificultades del aprendizaje de la lectura en población guatemalteca, y la posible implementación de nuevos métodos y estrategias de enseñanza basadas en investigación científicaLearning to read requires the development and maturity of certain cognitive processes associated with an early systematic education. In developing nations like Guatemala, learning to read has an impact in the future life of an individual: reading well will allow him or her to have access to a lifetime of opportunities. . Few studies in Guatemala have described the cognitive processes associated with reading when multimedia technology is employed.. The main objective of our research was to analyze systematically for the first time in a transparent orthography, the evolutionary development of the cognitive processes involved in reading for dyslexic and normal-reading Guatemalan children. The sample consisted of 226 children from 3rd to 6th grades who study in public and private schools in the city of Guatemala, who were divided into two groups: children with dyslexia and children with normal reading skills, matched in pairs by age and sex. All children were given a collective factor ¿g¿ intelligence, and verbal working memory tests, as well as a software tool, SICOLE-R Primary, which assesses different cognitive and reading competencies: perceptual, morphological, orthographic and syntactic-semantic processes. An evolutionary pattern of the cognitive profile of the Guatemalan dyslexic and normal-reading children studied was found, which is very similar to the pattern found in transparent orthography. The findings show in all cognitive processes developmental differences between 3rd grade children as compared to 5th and 6th-graders. The findings are analyzed, and the impact and implications of an early detection of Guatemalan population children with learning disabilities in reading which would allow the implementation of new educational methods and strategies based on scientific research, are discussed

Factors associated with cognitive impairment in Latin American older adults: A cross‐sectional observational study of COVID‐19 confinement

INTRODUCTION: The effects of COVID-19 confinement have been severe, especially in older adults. Therefore, we analyzed the factors associated with cognitive impairment (CI) in Latin America (LA). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study with a total of 5245 older adults from 10 countries in LA. Measurement: We used the Telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T-MoCA) and the Eight-item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia (AD8) scale. RESULTS: We found that age, depressive symptomatology, bone fractures, being widowed, having a family member with dementia, and unemployment were associated with an increased risk of CI. In contrast, higher education, hypertension with continuous treatment, quarantine, and keeping stimulating cognitive and physical activities were associated with a lower probability of CI. No significant association was found between suffering from diabetes or being retired and CI. DISCUSSION: It is essential to conduct follow-up studies on these factors, considering their relationship with CI and the duration of confinement

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Neuropsychological Stimulation Program for Children from Low Socioeconomic Backgrounds: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Guatemala remains one of the poorest countries in Central America and suffers from high rates of social inequality and violence. In addition to the negative impact that two years without attending school has had on Guatemalan children due to the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, this unfavourable socioeconomic context poses a risk to children’s emotional and cognitive development. This work presents a protocol for implementing a cognitive and emotional stimulation program aimed at increasing the academic performance of these children and consequently improving their quality of life. Methods: The protocol proposes the implementation of a randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of a 24-session-long stimulation program. It targets the cognitive functions of attention, language, executive functions, and social cognition, using the digital neurorehabilitation platform NeuronUP. The participants (n = 480) will be randomly assigned to an Experimental or Control group. Pre- and post-intervention assessments will be carried out, together with a follow-up in the next academic year, in which both groups will change roles. Results will be compared for the first and second years, looking for differences in academic and cognitive performance between groups. Discussion: Mid- and long-term outcomes are still unknown, but effective interventions based on this protocol are expected to facilitate the following benefits for participants: (1) improved cognitive and emotional development; (2) improved academic performance; (3) improved well-being. We expect to create a validated neuropsychological stimulation program that could be applied in similar socioeconomically disadvantaged contexts around the world to help these children improve their life chances.Agency for International Cooperation and Development (AACID, in Spanish) from the Junta de Andalucía Government, Spain, under the project “Mejora del rendimiento académico y la calidad de vida de menores vulnerables de Guatemala: programa integral de estimulación cognitiva y emocional, desarrollo de huertos escolares y fortalecimiento de la docencia a distancia ante el reto del COVID-19” [Improvement of the academic performance and quality of life in vulnerable minors from Guatemala: Integral cognitive and emotional stimulation program, development of school orchards, and strengthening of distance teaching amidst the challenge of COVID-19], grant number 0C138/2020Grant from FEDER Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades/Project E-SEJ-754-UGR2

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamentos de Atlántico y Cesar

No aplicaLa violencia en Colombia ha dejado un rastro de dolor, por hechos presentados, por la disputa del poder, dejando muertos; y que por medio de las narrativas los campesinos construyen el tejido social. Este trabajo inicia con el análisis de los Relatos de Historias del caso de Ernesto, una narración que surge de los actos violentos y desaparición de la tía, ligado a la fractura familiar por el trabajo en la comunidad, siendo exiliados a otro país, para guardar la vida, pero que a través de las memorias y los significados de violencia vuelve para contar la verdad. Desde allí se encontraron emergentes psicosociales, la posición como víctima o sobreviviente, significados de violencia, recursos de afrontamiento y resiliencia, como la articulación de preguntas circulares, reflexivas y estratégicas para construir la sanación de “sí mismo”. También se realiza el análisis del caso de El Salado, una masacre de los grupos paramilitares, manifestado emergentes psicosociales afectando lo físico, psicológico y emocional, impactos bio-psico-socio-cultural, los significados de resiliencia y transformación, en el quehacer como psicólogo en el contexto de violencia con estrategias de intervención psicosocial. Posteriormente se encuentra el análisis y reflexión de la experiencia realizada del paso 3, presentando la foto voz como herramienta para expresar los significados de violencia como una alternativa de sanación a la no repetición. Por último, se concluye que a través del enfoque narrativo se plantean los medios para enfrentar los impactos psicosociales que causan dolor por los acontecimientos que traumatizan al individuo en los contextos de violencia.The violence in Colombia has left a trail of pain, due to facts presented, due to the dispute of power, leaving dead; and that through narratives peasants build the social fabric. This work begins with the analysis of the Stories of Ernesto's case, a narrative that arises from the violent acts and disappearance of the aunt, linked to the family fracture due to work in the community, being exiled to another country, to save their lives, but that through memories and meanings of violence returns to tell the truth. From there, psychosocial emergents were found, the position as a victim or survivor, meanings of violence, coping resources and resilience, such as the articulation of circular, reflective and strategic questions to build the healing of "oneself". The analysis of the case of El Salado, a massacre of paramilitary groups, manifested psychosocial emergents affecting the physical, psychological and emotional, bio-psycho-socio-cultural impacts, the meanings of resilience and transformation, in the work as a psychologist in the context of violence with psychosocial intervention strategies. Subsequently, there is the analysis and reflection of the experience carried out in step 3, presenting the voice photo as a tool to express the meanings of violence as a healing alternative to non-repetition. Finally, it is concluded that through the narrative approach, the means to face the psychosocial impacts that cause pain due to events that traumatize the individual in contexts of violence are proposed

Revista de psicología y educación

Título, resumen, palabras clave en español e inglesResumen basado en el de la publicaciónSe analiza el desarrollo de los procesos cognitivos que intervienen en al aprendizaje de la lectura y que están asociados a las DEA en lectura a través del SICOLE-R-Primaria y SICOLE-R-ESO (Jiménez et al., 2007). Se centra en las aplicaciones de las nuevas tecnologías al campo del aprendizaje de la lectura y sus dificultades y también dentro de la línea de identificación de las competencias lectoras en cada uno de los grados de primaria en escolares normolectores y escolares con dificultades lectoras.ES

Neuropsychological Stimulation Program for Children from Low Socioeconomic Backgrounds: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Guatemala remains one of the poorest countries in Central America and suffers from high rates of social inequality and violence. In addition to the negative impact that two years without attending school has had on Guatemalan children due to the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, this unfavourable socioeconomic context poses a risk to children’s emotional and cognitive development. This work presents a protocol for implementing a cognitive and emotional stimulation program aimed at increasing the academic performance of these children and consequently improving their quality of life. Methods: The protocol proposes the implementation of a randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of a 24-session-long stimulation program. It targets the cognitive functions of attention, language, executive functions, and social cognition, using the digital neurorehabilitation platform NeuronUP. The participants (n = 480) will be randomly assigned to an Experimental or Control group. Pre- and post-intervention assessments will be carried out, together with a follow-up in the next academic year, in which both groups will change roles. Results will be compared for the first and second years, looking for differences in academic and cognitive performance between groups. Discussion: Mid- and long-term outcomes are still unknown, but effective interventions based on this protocol are expected to facilitate the following benefits for participants: (1) improved cognitive and emotional development; (2) improved academic performance; (3) improved well-being. We expect to create a validated neuropsychological stimulation program that could be applied in similar socioeconomically disadvantaged contexts around the world to help these children improve their life chances

El espacio literario. Traducciones y ensayos.

Este libro nos ofrece un recorrido metodológico de la traducción literaria, a partir del análisis, el contraste y la adaptación cultural de distintas obras a la realidad mexicana. Es un escrito muy valioso en sí y seguramente será de mucha ayuda a los estudiantes del área.Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Méxic