ANALYSIS OF UNCERTAINTY IN THE STANDARIZATION OF CPUE INDEXES

Catch per unit effort (CPUE) indices are considered as one of the main information sources used in fish stock assessment models (Zou et al., 2019). There are many ways for the standardization of these indices: • Generalized lineal models (GLMs) • Generalized additive models (GAMs) • Geostatistical models. To evaluate the accuracy and uncertainty associated with CPUE indices derived from datasets with different spatial information. • How? With the standardization of CPUE indices using geostatistical models in different sampling scenarios, comparing them with GLMs and GAMs models

Spread of a SARS-CoV-2 variant through Europe in the summer of 2020.

Following its emergence in late 2019, the spread of SARS-CoV-21,2 has been tracked by phylogenetic analysis of viral genome sequences in unprecedented detail3–5. Although the virus spread globally in early 2020 before borders closed, intercontinental travel has since been greatly reduced. However, travel within Europe resumed in the summer of 2020. Here we report on a SARS-CoV-2 variant, 20E (EU1), that was identified in Spain in early summer 2020 and subsequently spread across Europe. We find no evidence that this variant has increased transmissibility, but instead demonstrate how rising incidence in Spain, resumption of travel, and lack of effective screening and containment may explain the variant’s success. Despite travel restrictions, we estimate that 20E (EU1) was introduced hundreds of times to European countries by summertime travellers, which is likely to have undermined local efforts to minimize infection with SARS-CoV-2. Our results illustrate how a variant can rapidly become dominant even in the absence of a substantial transmission advantage in favourable epidemiological settings. Genomic surveillance is critical for understanding how travel can affect transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and thus for informing future containment strategies as travel resumes. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited

Choice of the initial antiretroviral treatment for HIV-positive individuals in the era of integrase inhibitors

BACKGROUND: We aimed to describe the most frequently prescribed initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens in recent years in HIV-positive persons in the Cohort of the Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS) and to investigate factors associated with the choice of each regimen. METHODS: We analyzed initial ART regimens prescribed in adults participating in CoRIS from 2014 to 2017. Only regimens prescribed in >5% of patients were considered. We used multivariable multinomial regression to estimate Relative Risk Ratios (RRRs) for the association between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and the choice of the initial regimen. RESULTS: Among 2874 participants, abacavir(ABC)/lamivudine(3TC)/dolutegavir(DTG) was the most frequently prescribed regimen (32.1%), followed by tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC)/elvitegravir(EVG)/cobicistat(COBI) (14.9%), TDF/FTC/rilpivirine (RPV) (14.0%), tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)/FTC/EVG/COBI (13.7%), TDF/FTC+DTG (10.0%), TDF/FTC+darunavir/ritonavir or darunavir/cobicistat (bDRV) (9.8%) and TDF/FTC+raltegravir (RAL) (5.6%). Compared with ABC/3TC/DTG, starting TDF/FTC/RPV was less likely in patients with CD4100.000 copies/mL. TDF/FTC+DTG was more frequent in those with CD4100.000 copies/mL. TDF/FTC+RAL and TDF/FTC+bDRV were also more frequent among patients with CD4<200 cells//muL and with transmission categories other than men who have sex with men. Compared with ABC/3TC/DTG, the prescription of other initial ART regimens decreased from 2014-2015 to 2016-2017 with the exception of TDF/FTC+DTG. Differences in the choice of the initial ART regimen were observed by hospitals' location. CONCLUSIONS: The choice of initial ART regimens is consistent with Spanish guidelines' recommendations, but is also clearly influenced by physician's perception based on patient's clinical and sociodemographic variables and by the prescribing hospital location

Supplementary material: Chitosan modulates volatile organic compound emission from the biocontrol fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia

Table S1: Bayes Factor between treatment and control of VOCs from P. chlamydosporia in rice cultures on different DAI, Table S2: Bayes Factor between treatment and control of VOCs from P. chlamydosporia in Czapek–Dox broth cultures after different times of exposure to chitosan, Figure S1: Line plots with the median values and standard deviations of the peak heights of VOCs produced by P. chlamydosporia in rice cultures, Figure S2: GC-MS chromatogram of headspace volatile compounds produced by P. chlamydosporia 15 days after inoculation with control buffer solution (BS) and with chitosan solution (CH), Figure S3: Line plots with the median values and standard deviations of the peak heights of VOCs produced by P. chlamydosporia in modified Czapek–Dox broth cultures, Figure S4: GC-MS chromatogram of headspace volatile compounds produced by P. chlamydosporia cultured in modified Czapek–Dox broth for 5 days after 24 h with control buffer solution (BS) and 24 h of exposure to chitosan (CH).Peer reviewe

Chitosan Modulates Volatile Organic Compound Emission from the Biocontrol Fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia

Fungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are responsible for fungal odor and play a key role in biological processes and ecological interactions. VOCs represent a promising area of research to find natural metabolites for human exploitation. Pochonia chlamydosporia is a chitosan-resistant nematophagous fungus used in agriculture to control plant pathogens and widely studied in combination with chitosan. The effect of chitosan on the production of VOCs from P. chlamydosporia was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Several growth stages in rice culture medium and different times of exposure to chitosan in modified Czapek–Dox broth cultures were analyzed. GC-MS analysis resulted in the tentative identification of 25 VOCs in the rice experiment and 19 VOCs in the Czapek–Dox broth cultures. The presence of chitosan in at least one of the experimental conditions resulted in the de novo production of 3-methylbutanoic acid and methyl 2,4-dimethylhexanoate, and oct-1-en-3-ol and tetradec-1-ene in the rice and Czapek–Dox experiments, respectively. Other VOCs changed their abundance because of the effect of chitosan and fungal age. Our findings suggest that chitosan can be used as a modulator of the production of VOCs in P. chlamydosporia and that there is also an effect of fungal age and exposure time.This research was funded by PID2020-119734RB-I00, Project from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and by European Project H2020 MUSA, grant number 727624

Differential environmental and genomic architectures shape the natural diversity for trichome patterning and morphology in different Arabidopsis organs

Despite the adaptive and taxonomic relevance of the natural diversity for trichome patterning and morphology, the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms underlying these traits remain mostly unknown, particularly in organs other than leaves. In this study, we address the ecological, genetic and molecular bases of the natural variation for trichome patterning and branching in multiple organs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). To this end, we characterized a collection of 191 accessions and carried out environmental and genome-wide association (GWA) analyses. Trichome amount in different organs correlated negatively with precipitation in distinct seasons, thus suggesting a precise fit between trichome patterning and climate throughout the Arabidopsis life cycle. In addition, GWA analyses showed small overlapping between the genes associated with different organs, indicating partly independent genetic bases for vegetative and reproductive phases. These analyses identified a complex locus on chromosome 2, where two adjacent MYB genes (ETC2 and TCL1) displayed differential effects on trichome patterning in several organs. Furthermore, analyses of transgenic lines carrying different natural alleles demonstrated that TCL1 accounts for the variation for trichome patterning in all organs, and for stem trichome branching. By contrast, two other MYB genes (TRY and GL1), mainly showed effects on trichome patterning or branching, respectively.Peer reviewe

Photosystem II: assembly and function in virtual reality

3 executable files for Virtual Reality App in Android devices or Smartphones (Versions in Spanish, English and French); 1 díptico / flyer (A4, in Spanish). © CSIC – FESD, 2019 Under Notarial Registration 4472/2019Dispositivo móvil o Smartphone con sistema operativo Android (gama media - alta). Procesador Octa-Core 2.2 Ghz 6Gb RAM, giroscopio y acelerómetro / Mobile device or smartphone with Android as mobile operating system (medium - high quality) Octa-Core 2.2 Ghz 6Gb RAM, gyroscope and accelerometer.[ES] La aplicación de realidad virtual "Fotosistema II: ensamblaje y función en realidad virtual" es una herramienta educativa para profesores y alumnado de bachillerato que invita a descubrir, en tono divulgativo y de forma inmersiva, de dónde procede el oxígeno que respiramos y hace que la Tierra sea un planeta habitable tal como lo conocemos. Enseña el escenario donde ocurren las primeras etapas de la fotosíntesis en el interior de las células vegetales y la actividad de las biomoléculas que intervienen. El escenario de esta historia es el cloroplasto, un orgánulo exclusivo de las células vegetales. Las biomoléculas protagonistas son las clorofilas, unos pigmentos verdes, que le dan el color a las hojas de las plantas, y se encuentran ordenadas en el interior de unas complejas proteínas de gran tamaño que llamamos fotosistemas. En particular, nos fijaremos en el fotosistema II, veremos cómo se ensambla a partir de las proteínas que lo componen y cómo funciona. La actividad del fotosistema II produce numerosos electrones que viajan a través de las clorofilas y de otros pigmentos llamados feofitinas, todos ellos asociados al fotosistema. Su destino final será producir energía a través de complejas reacciones que aprovecharán las hojas como alimento, indispensable para su desarrollo y crecimiento. Finalmente, tendrá lugar la producción del oxígeno a partir de la rotura de las moléculas de agua que hay alrededor. La reacción de producción del oxígeno requiere mucha activación y necesita de un catalizador que forma parte del fotosistema II. El oxígeno molecular se desprende a la atmósfera y es el que continuamente respiramos. ¡Te animamos a que descubras las primeras etapas de la Fotosíntesis con esta App en Realidad Virtual![EN] The virtual reality App "Photosystem II: assembly and function in virtual reality" is an educational tool for teachers and high school students that invites you to discover, in an informative tone and immersively, where the oxygen we breathe comes from and makes the Earth an habitable planet as we know it. It shows the scenario where the first stages of photosynthesis occur inside the plant cells and the activity of the biomolecules involved. The scenario of this story is chloroplast, an exclusive organelle of plant cells. The main biomolecules are chlorophylls, green pigments, which give the color to the leaves of plants, and are arranged inside complex large proteins that we call photosystems. In particular, we will look at photosystem II, and we will see how it is assembled from the proteins that compose it and how it works. The activity of photosystem II produces numerous electrons that travel through chlorophylls and other pigments called pheophytins, all of them associated with the photosystem II. It produces energy through complex reactions necessary for plant development and growth. Finally, oxygen production will take place from the photolysis of the surrounding water molecules. The oxygen production reaction requires a lot of activation and needs a catalyst that is part of photosystem II. Molecular oxygen is released into the atmosphere and is the one we continuously breathe. We encourage you to discover the first stages of Photosynthesis with this App in Virtual Reality!Peer reviewe

Contemporary use of cefazolin for MSSA infective endocarditis: analysis of a national prospective cohort

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the real use of cefazolin for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infective endocarditis (IE) in the Spanish National Endocarditis Database (GAMES) and to compare it with antistaphylococcal penicillin (ASP). Methods: Prospective cohort study with retrospective analysis of a cohort of MSSA IE treated with cloxacillin and/or cefazolin. Outcomes assessed were relapse; intra-hospital, overall, and endocarditis-related mortality; and adverse events. Risk of renal toxicity with each treatment was evaluated separately. Results: We included 631 IE episodes caused by MSSA treated with cloxacillin and/or cefazolin. Antibiotic treatment was cloxacillin, cefazolin, or both in 537 (85%), 57 (9%), and 37 (6%) episodes, respectively. Patients treated with cefazolin had significantly higher rates of comorbidities (median Charlson Index 7, P <0.01) and previous renal failure (57.9%, P <0.01). Patients treated with cloxacillin presented higher rates of septic shock (25%, P = 0.033) and new-onset or worsening renal failure (47.3%, P = 0.024) with significantly higher rates of in-hospital mortality (38.5%, P = 0.017). One-year IE-related mortality and rate of relapses were similar between treatment groups. None of the treatments were identified as risk or protective factors. Conclusion: Our results suggest that cefazolin is a valuable option for the treatment of MSSA IE, without differences in 1-year mortality or relapses compared with cloxacillin, and might be considered equally effective