Sistema de razonamiento inductivo basado en algoritmos genéticos para la solución de problemas en condiciones de información imprecisa. Parte I

“System of inductive reasoning based on genetic algorithms for the solution of problems in conditions of imprecise information” research’s project, allowed obtaining the following results: the students’ characterization from the Faculty of Engineering’s, at “Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia”, related to inductive reasoning; construction of a software prototype using concepts of systems based on knowledge and genetic algorithms. This article is the fi rst one of a trilogy that describes the products earlier mentioned. The characterization of students from the Faculty of Engineering’s in Bogotá’s branch is showed, by means of the application of a structured survey that allowed gathering the information related to the conceptual grasp and the application of inductive reasoning. The characterization includes the description of the sampling frame, the survey’s technical data and the analysis of results obtained.El proyecto de investigación “Sistema de razonamiento inductivo basado en algoritmos genéticos para la solución de problemas en condiciones de información imprecisa” permitió obtener los siguientes resultados: la caracterización de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ingeniería, de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, en relación con el razonamiento inductivo, y la construcción de un prototipo de software utilizando los conceptos de sistemas basados en conocimiento y algoritmos genéticos. Este artículo es el primero de una trilogía que describe los productos antes mencionados. Se presenta la caracterización de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ingeniería, seccional Bogotá,mediante la aplicación de una encuesta estructurada que permitió recolectar la información relacionada con el dominio conceptual y la aplicación del razonamiento inductivo. La caracterización incluye la descripción del marco de muestreo, la ficha técnica de la encuesta y el análisis de los resultados obtenidos. &nbsp

Sistema de razonamiento inductivo basado en algoritmos genéticos para la solución de problemas en condiciones de información imprecisa. Parte I

“System of inductive reasoning based on genetic algorithms for the solution of problems in conditions of imprecise information” research’s project, allowed obtaining the following results: the students’ characterization from the Faculty of Engineering’s, at “Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia”, related to inductive reasoning; construction of a software prototype using concepts of systems based on knowledge and genetic algorithms. This article is the fi rst one of a trilogy that describes the products earlier mentioned. The characterization of students from the Faculty of Engineering’s in Bogotá’s branch is showed, by means of the application of a structured survey that allowed gathering the information related to the conceptual grasp and the application of inductive reasoning. The characterization includes the description of the sampling frame, the survey’s technical data and the analysis of results obtained.El proyecto de investigación “Sistema de razonamiento inductivo basado en algoritmos genéticos para la solución de problemas en condiciones de información imprecisa” permitió obtener los siguientes resultados: la caracterización de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ingeniería, de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, en relación con el razonamiento inductivo, y la construcción de un prototipo de software utilizando los conceptos de sistemas basados en conocimiento y algoritmos genéticos. Este artículo es el primero de una trilogía que describe los productos antes mencionados. Se presenta la caracterización de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ingeniería, seccional Bogotá,mediante la aplicación de una encuesta estructurada que permitió recolectar la información relacionada con el dominio conceptual y la aplicación del razonamiento inductivo. La caracterización incluye la descripción del marco de muestreo, la ficha técnica de la encuesta y el análisis de los resultados obtenidos. &nbsp

Proyecto Fortalecimiento de los Gobiernos Locales y de las ONG's para el desarrollo Medio y Socioambiental en la Región de Punilla en la Provincia de Córdoba

El presente proyecto plantea la profundización de una línea de investigación ya existente en el ICDA que cuenta con apoyo del VRMU de la UCC y aval de la SECyT, sobre la identificación de problemas y necesidades de los gobiernos locales y las ONG´s de la Región de Punilla de la Provincia de Córdoba en torno a la problemática ambiental y la promoción de prácticas participativas para su abordaje y resolución. Este proyecto tiene como objetivo inmediato promover el fortalecimiento de los Gobiernos locales y de las ONGs, siguiendo las líneas de trabajo del ICDA a través de sus centros especializados CIPEAP–Profim y CIPAC–Compás respectivamente, en lo referido a gestión sustentable del medio ambiente y la utilización y/o conservación de los recursos naturales, principalemente el agua. La investigación procura identificar las áreas problema en el marco de la gestión socio-ambiental focalizada en la gestión estratégica del recurso hídrico con el fin de sistematizar los aspectos que facilitan u obstaculizan el acuerdo, la gestión asociada y la administración eficiente de los recursos naturales en la región. Entre las necesidades prioritarias vinculadas a la gestión socio – ambiental se delimitaron los núcleos del problema de la gestión estratégica del recurso hídrico, como principal eje de desarrollo de la región. En este sentido Punilla enfrenta diferentes niveles de problemáticas; en primer lugar, se encuentra la contaminación de la principal cuenca hídrica que provee agua potable para consumo humano a los mayores centros urbanos con consecuencias directas sobre la salud ambiental; de esta manera el saneamiento y las metodologías a aplicarse, representan un espacio de confrontación entre los actores tanto gubernamentales como no gubernamentales por implementar prácticas de saneamiento sin una visión de desarrollo integral. En segundo lugar la región enfrenta la amenaza de la escasez del recurso, como consecuencia de la creciente urbanización y de las barreras geográficas que en muchos casos impiden obras de infraestructura que garanticen el acceso igualitario al mismo. Finalmente las consecuencias y efectos desde el punto de vista de la salud de las personas junto a la disminución de oportunidades y los problemas del desarrollo socio-económico de la región, representan un tercer eje de investigación en consonancia con las Políticas y Estrategias de Investigación de la UCC (RR 492/07). Dada la complejidad del proyecto, resulta fundamental el apoyo que brinda la Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), como socia en la presentación a la convocatoria realizada para obtener el financiamento por parte de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID).Fil: Martínez Ferrer, Guillermo Julio. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura; ArgentinaFil: Beltrán, Eduardo Gustavo. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales; ArgentinaFil: Branda, Luis Alcides. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Instituto de Ciencias de la Administración; Argentin

Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Libro conmemorativo XX años de la legislación marítima Venezolana: en homenaje a la memoria de Julio César Sánchez-Vegas

El libro cuenta con la gentil participación de expertos extranjeros y nacionales, muchos de ellos familiarizados con la génesis de las leyes acuáticas cuyo aniversario celebramos, a quienes deseamos agradecer su valiosa y desinteresada colaboración para materializar esta obra

Clima, zonificación y tipicidad del vino en regiones vitivinícolas Iberoamericanas

El texto presenta el Sistema de Clasificación Climática Multicritério Geovitícola. Incluye los conceptos, metodologías y indices climáticos vitícolas, la página web internacional del Sistema CCM y aun bibliografías con diferenciados usos en el ámbito mundial. El Sistema ha sido utilizado para los estudios de los climas de las regiones vitícolas de los países iberoamericanos. En la pagina web del sistema http://www.cnpuv.embrapa.br/tecnologias/c cm/ se puede encontrar la información de referencia del Sistema