Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Ektoparasiten bei domestizierten und wildlebenden Meerschweinchen (Cavia spp.)sowie an präinkaischen Meerschweinchenmumien in Peru, Südamerika: Faunistische und paläoparasitologische Untersuchungen

7. Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen zu Vorkommen von Ektoparasiten bei domestizierten und wildlebenden Meerschweinchen (Cavia spp.) sowie an präinkaischen Meerschweinchenmumien in Peru, Südamerika Dittmar de la Cruz, Katharina Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig (120 Seiten, 29 Tabellen, 67 Abbildungen, 187 Literaturangaben, 3 Anhänge) In den Zeiträumen von Dezember 1996 bis Februar 1997 und Februar bis Oktober 1998 sowie im Mai 1999 wurden Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Ektoparasiten bei Cavia spp. in Peru durchgeführt. In die Auswertungen waren insgesamt 17 421 domestizierte Meerschweinchen (Cavia porcellus) aus 14 Departments in allen Bioregionen und Höhenlagen des Landes, 143 wildlebende Meerschweinchen (Cavia aperea) aus 3 Gebieten (El Paramo, Junin, La Raya) in den Anden und Kordilleren sowie 180 etwa 1000 Jahre alte präinkaische Mumien domestizierter Meerschweinchen, Opfertiere aus der küstennahen Chiribaya-Kultur (Fundstätten Chiribaya Baja und El Yaral) im Süden Perus, einbezogen. Die rezenten domestizierten Meerschweinchen sind in intensiver Haltung in aus Beton errichteten Stallungen, in intensiver Haltung in Stallungen regional typischer Bauweise (z. B. Schilfrohr- und Flechtzäune) sowie in extensiver Haltung im unmittelbaren Umfeld des Menschen (Küche, Wohnräume) zur Fleischversorgung der Bevölkerung gezüchtet und gehalten worden. Aufarbeitung und Bestimmung der nachgewiesenen Ektoparasiten erfolgten nach parasitologischen Standardmethoden. Für die Aufbereitung der fragilen Ektoparasiten der Meerschweinchenmumien wurde eine spezielle Methode unter Verwendung von Essigsäure und 1 %iger wässriger Kalilauge selbst erarbeitet. - Insgesamt sind 24 Ektoparasiten-Spezies, d. h. Vertreter der Siphonaptera (Flöhe), Mallophaga (Haarlinge), Anoplura (Läuse), Milben und Raubwanzen in Mono- oder Polyinfestationen bei den rezenten und präinkaischen Meerschweinchen festgestellt worden, bei den Meerschweinchenmumien wurden außerdem freilebende Arthropoden, Vertreter der Pyroglyphidae (Hausstaubmilben) und Pseudoskorpione, gefunden. Von den festgestellten Ektoparasiten sind 2 Arten Erstnachweise für Cavia porcellus, 5 Arten für Cavia aperea; 8 Spezies sind erstmals bei Meerschweinchen in Peru bzw. in bestimmten Bioregionen in Peru festgestellt worden. Von den untersuchten domestizierten Meerschweinchen waren 96,6 % mit Ektoparasiten befallen, dabei konnten in Mono- und Polyinfestationen (27 verschiedene Kombinationen mit bis zu 7 Arten) nachgewiesen werden: Flöhe: Pulex sp. (Artenzuordnung noch unklar), Tiamastus cavicola, Ctenocephalides felis felis, Xenopsylla cheopis, Echidnophaga gallinacea; Haarlinge: Gliricola porcelli, Trimenopon hispidum, Gyropus ovalis; Milben: Ornithonyssus bacoti, Ornithonyssus wernecki, Eutrombicula batatas, Dermanyssus gallinae, Chirodiscoides caviae, Myocoptes musculinus, Myobia musculi, Notoedres muris; Raubwanzen: Triatoma infestans. Die Prävalenz von Ornithonyssus bacoti, der am häufigsten vertretenen Milbenart, lag bei 51,7 %. Diese Spezies konnte in der Bioregion Chala nicht nachgewiesen werden; das Vorkommen in der Küstenregion (Costa) geht auf Zukäufe von Tieren aus den anderen Bioregionen zurück. Bei mittel- bis hochgradiger Befallsstärke mit der Tropischen Rattenmilbe wiesen die Meerschweinchen starke Hautveränderungen auf, bei 38 % der Tiere trat eine Anämie durch blasse Schleimhäute und blau gefärbte Ohren klinisch in Erscheinung. Es war ein Zusammenhang zwischen einem O.-bacoti-Befall der Meerschweinchen und dem Kontakt mit wildlebenden Nagetieren (Mäuse, Ratten) sowie auch mit gleichzeitig bestehenden Microsporum-caninum- und Trichophyton-mentagrophytes-Infektionen nachzuweisen. Innerhalb einer untersuchten O.-bacoti-Population im Gebiet Huancayo zeigten sich deutliche saisonale Schwankungen im Anteil an Protonymphen, welche schwach signifikant negativ mit den Niederschlagsmengen in dieser Region korrelierten. Die Befallshäufigkeit mit Siphonaptera lag bei 76,8 %, dominierend war ein Vertreter der Gattung Pulex, während Tiamastus cavicola zu 42,4 %, Xenopsylla cheopis zu 15,1 % und Ctenocephalides felis felis zu 3,5 % vorkamen. Flöhe waren in 4 der 5 Bioregionen Perus nachzuweisen, in der Selva konnten auf keinem der untersuchten Meerschweinchen Flöhe gefunden werden. Männliche und weibliche Meerschweinchen waren gleichermaßen mit den verschiedenen Siphonaptera-Spezies befallen, auf weiblichen Meerschweinchen kamen hochsignifikant mehr weibliche Pulex sp. vor als auf männlichen. Es bestand ein hochsignifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen einem Befall mit Siphonaptera und dem Kontakt der Meerschweinchen mit anderen Tierarten (Hunde, Hühnervögel, peridomestische Nagetiere). Mallophagen wurden bei 27,8 % der untersuchten domestizierten Meerschweinchen aus allen Bioregionen nachgewiesen; die am häufigsten festgestellte Spezies war Trimenopon hispidum (60,5 %), gefolgt von Gliricola porcelli (42,7 %) und Gyropus ovalis (7,5 %). Die Befallsintensität mit Mallophagen war bei den Meerschweinchen überwiegend geringgradig. - Auf den wildlebenden Meerschweinchen konnten in Mono- und Polyinfestationen (10 verschiedene Kombinationen mit maximal 5 Arten) folgende Ektoparasiten festgestellt werden: Flöhe: Leptopsylla segnis, Ctenophthalmus hispanicus; Läuse: Polyplax spinulosa, Pterophtirus alata; Haarlinge: Gliricola porcelli; Milben: Eutrombicula bruyanti, Myocoptes musculinus, Myobia musculi. Die Siphonaptera-Spezies Ctenophthalmus hispanicus wurden erstmalig in der Neotropischen Region nachgewiesen. Nur Myobia musculi und Myocoptes musculinus waren bei Tieren aus allen 3 Untersuchungsgebieten anzutreffen. Bei den Meerschweinchen überwogen Infestationen mit Gliricola porcelli, Eutrombicula bruyanti und Myocoptes musculinus, die Befallsintensität mit Myocoptes musculinus korrelierte positiv mit dem Alter der Meerschweinchen. - Bei 67 der 180 untersuchten Meerschweinchenmumien von beiden Fundorten konnten Ektoparasiten nachgewiesen werden. Diese befanden sich, wie auch die Mumien der ehemaligen Wirtstiere, bedingt durch die geologischen und klimatischen Bedingungen in den Fundgebieten in einem ausgezeichneten Erhaltungszustand. Flöhe aus der Gattung Pulex waren die insgesamt am häufigsten festgestellten Ektoparasiten, auf den Mumien von Chiribaya Baja wurden sie ausschließlich gefunden. Meerschweinchenmumien aus El Yaral wiesen Infestationen mit Trimenopon hispidum, Gliricola porcelli, Ornithonyssus sp. und Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Erstnachweis von einem domestizierten Meerschweinchen in natürlicher Infestation) auf. Der erfolgreiche Nachweis der Ektoparasiten auf präinkaischen Meerschweinchenmumien in Peru eröffnet Möglichkeiten für die paläoparasitologische Bearbeitung auch der Mumien von Menschen und weiteren Opfertieren (Hunde, Lamas, Alpakas) aus diesem Kulturkreis.7. 1. Summary Investigation about the occurrence of ectoparasites on domesticated and wild guinea pigs (Cavia spp.) and preincaic guinea pig mummies in Peru, South America Dittmar de la Cruz, Katharina Institute of Parasitology. Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig (120 pages, 29 tables, 67 figures, 187 references, 3 adnex. ) Between December 1996 and February 1997, February and October 1998 and in May 1999 investigations about the occurrence of ectoparasites on the genus Cavia in Peru were carried out. The survey included 17 421 domesticated guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) from 14 departments in all bioregions and altitude levels, 143 wild guinea pigs (Cavia aperea) from three areas (El Paramo, Junin and La Raya) in the Andes and the Cordillera and 180 about 1000 year old guinea pig mummies of C. porcellus, ritual offers from the coastal Chiribaya-Culture (archeological sites of Chiribaya Baja and El Yaral) in the South of Peru. The recent domesticated guinea pigs are bred in intensive utilization systems, with concrete stables, in intensive utilization systems with regional-traditional architecture (big reed hutches or adobe stables) or in extensive utilization systems (kitchen or outdoor dips). The identification and mounting of the specimen was done by parasitological standard techniques. In the course of the study a special technique for the preservation and mounting of the fragile ectoparasites from the guinea pig mummies was developed, using acetic acid and a 1 % potassium hydroxide solution. In total 24 ectoparasite species of the siphonaptera, mallophaga, anoplura, mites and reduviids were found in mono- and polyinfestations, the guinea pig mummies also hosted free living arthropods, such as pseudoscorpions and specimen of the Pyroglyphidae (house dust mites). In two cases C. porcellus was reported as first host record, in five cases C. aperea was mentioned for the first time as a host for some ectoparasites, 8 times for several ectoparasites new locality records for Peru or bioregions of Peru could be made 96,6 % of all domesticated guinea pigs (C. porcellus) showed an infestation with ectoparasites in mono- and polyinfestations, revealing 27 different combinations with up to 7 species of ectoparasites: siphonaptera: Pulex sp. (taxonomical status still unclear), Tiamastus cavicola, Ctenocephalides f. felis, Xenopsylla cheopis, Echidnophaga gallinacea; mallophaga: Gliricola porcelli, Trimenopon hispidum, Gyropus ovalis; mites: Ornithonyssus bacoti , Ornithonyssus wernecki, Eutrombicula batatas, Dermanyssus gallinae, Chirodiscoides caviae, Myocoptes musculinus, Notoedres muris; reduviids: Triatoma infestans. The prevalence of O. bacoti, the most frequent species, was 51,7 %. This mite had never been recorded in the bioregion Chala; the presence of the species in the Costa could be explained by a recent purchase out of the other bioregions. A medium to high infestation rate with the tropical rat mite always resulted in obvious skin alterations, of whom 38 % also showed signs of clinical anemia, with pale mucosa and blue ear tips. There was a relation between an infestation with O. bacoti and the contact with rodents as well as an simultaneus infection with dermatophytes (Microsporum caninum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes). In an O.-bacoti-population in the Huancayo region the rate of protonymphs showed a low significant monthly variation, which correlated negative with the monthly rainfall. The prevalence of siphonaptera was 76,8 %, the species most frequently detected was Pulex sp. (89,2 %), followed by T. cavicola (42,4 %), X. cheopis (15,1 %) and C. f. felis (3,5 %). The species of fleas were distributed in 4 of the 5 bioregions; in the Selva no fleas could be found. There was no difference in the infestation rate of male and female hosts, female guinea pigs were infested with a higher rate of female Pulex sp. than male guinea pigs. A highly significant relation between the contact with other mammals (dogs, fowl and peridomestic rodents) and an infestation with siphonaptera could be detected. The prevalence of mallophaga, coming from all bioregions, was 27,8 %; the most frequently detected species was T. hispidum (60,5 %), followed by G. porcelli (42,7 %) and G. ovalis (7,5 %). The infestation levels were generally low.- On the wild guinea pigs (C. aperea) prevailed mono- and polyinfestations, represented by 10 combinations with up to 5 species, with the following species of ectoparasites: siphonaptera: Leptopsylla segnis, Ctenophthalmus hispanicus; anoplura: Polyplax spinulosa, Pterophtirus alata; mallophaga: Gliricola porcelli; mites: Eutrombicula bruyanti, Myocoptes musculinus and Myobia musculi. Ctenophthalmus hispanicus was mentioned for the first time from the Neotropical region. M. musculinus and Myobia musculi were the only species to be found in all three sampling areas. Infestations with G. porcelli, E. bruyanti and M. musculinus were the most common, the infestation rate with Myocoptes musculinus correlated positive with the age of the hosts.- On 67 of 180 guinea pig mummies of both excavation areas (Chiribaya Baja and El Yaral) ectoparasites could be found. The conservation of the ectoparasites, as well as their former hosts was extraordinarily good due to geological and climatical conditions . Fleas of the genus Pulex were the most frequently detected specimen; on the guinea pig mummies of Chiribaya Baja only this species could be found. The mummies from El Yaral revealed the presence of T. hispidum, G. porcelli, Ornithonyssus sp. and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (first record for a natural infestation). The successful detection of ectoparasites on preincaic guinea pig mummies in Peru opens new possibilities for a paleoparasitological survey including also human mummies and other animal offerings (dogs, lamas, alpakas) from this cultural background

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

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This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

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Search for supersymmetry in events with one lepton and multiple jets in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

Peer reviewe

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