Investing in the Business in the Lviv Region during the War

The purpose of the article is to explore the problems of relocation and functioning of businesses in the Lviv region, as well as to define the priorities of the related investment during the period of martial law. Analyzing the regulatory and legal documentation on investment in the economy of the Lviv region during wartime, the need to improve the strategic planning of regional development is determined, taking into account the investment support of the relocated enterprises depending on the type of their activities and priorities of socioeconomic development of the Lviv region. As a result of the carried out research, the authors highlight new incentives to intensify entrepreneurial initiatives among the unemployed persons, including temporarily displaced persons, which would ensure the economic effect of entrepreneurial activity, leveling the risks associated with starting an own business. To do this, it is proposed to use non-functioning objects of communal property located on industrial lands within the Lviv region by leasing them to newly registered individual entrepreneurs from among the unemployed ones. The rent for the use of such areas can be compensated by the amount of unemployment compensations, including the one-time payment for the organization of business activities on the part of unemployed. Prospects for further research in this direction are to determine the economic efficiency of investments in the development of relocated businesses in the Lviv region in the postwar perio

Cosmic Rays from the Knee to the Ankle - Status and Prospects -

Recent progress in cosmic ray physics covering the energy range from about 10^{14} eV to 10^{19} eV is reviewed. The most prominent features of the energy spectrum are the so called `knee' at E ~ 3 * 10^{15} eV and the `ankle' at few 10^{18} eV. Generally, the origin of the knee is understood as marking the limiting energy of galactic accelerators and/or the onset of increasing outflow of particles from the galaxy while the ankle is considered to mark the transition from galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays. Alternative theories do exist and shall be sketched. A key observable to answer the still open questions about the cosmic ray origin and to discriminate between various models is given by measuring the chemical composition or - more directly - by measuring energy spectra of individual cosmic ray mass groups. The status of present analyses is critically discussed and new experimental endeavors carried out in order to improve both the statistics and the quality of data particularly at energies above the knee will be summarized.Comment: Invited paper presented at the CRIS 2006 Cosmic Ray International Seminar; 14 pages, 8 figure

Experimental constraints on the astrophysical interpretation of the cosmic ray Galactic-extragalactic transition region

The energy region spanning from $\sim 10^{17}$ to $\lesssim 10^{19}$ eV is critical for understanding both, the Galactic and the extragalactic cosmic ray fluxes. This is the region where the propagation regime of nuclei inside the Galactic magnetic environment changes from diffusive to ballistic, as well as the region where, very likely, the most powerful Galactic accelerators reach their maximum output energies. In this work, a diffusion Galactic model is used to analyze the end of the Galactic cosmic ray spectrum and its mixing with the extragalactic cosmic ray flux. In particular, we study the conditions that must be met, from the spectral and composition points of view, by the Galactic and the extragalactic fluxes in order to reproduce simultaneously the total spectrum and elongation rate measured over the transition region by HiRes and Auger. Our analysis favors a mixed extragalactic spectrum in combination with a Galactic spectrum enhanced by additional high energy components, i.e., extending beyond the maximum energies expected from regular supernova remnants. The two additional components have mixed composition, with the lowest energy one heavier than the highest energy one. The potential impact on the astrophysical analysis of the assumed hadronic interaction model is also assessed in detail.Comment: 37 pages, 20 figure

p, He, and C to Fe cosmic-ray primary fluxes in diffusion models: Source and transport signatures on fluxes and ratios

The propagated fluxes of proton, helium, and heavier primary cosmic-ray species (up to Fe) are a means to indirectly access the source spectrum of cosmic rays. We check the compatibility of the primary fluxes with the transport parameters derived from the B/C analysis, but also if they bring further constraints. Proton data are well described in the simplest model defined by a power-law source spectrum and plain diffusion. They can also be accommodated by models with, e.g., convection and/or reacceleration. There is no need for breaks in the source spectral indices below $\sim 1$ TeV/n. Fits on the primary fluxes alone do not provide physical constraints on the transport parameters. If we let free the source spectrum $dQ/dE = q \beta^{\eta_S} {\cal R}^{-\alpha}$ and fix the diffusion coefficient $K(R)= K_0\beta^{\eta_T} {\cal R}^{\delta}$ such as to reproduce the B/C ratio, the MCMC analysis constrains the source spectral index $\alpha$ to be in the range $2.2-2.5$ for all primary species up to Fe, regardless of the value of the diffusion slope $\delta$. The $\eta_S$ low-energy shape of the source spectrum is degenerate with the low-energy shape $\eta_T$ of the diffusion coefficient: we find $\eta_S-\eta_T\approx 0$ for p and He data, but $\eta_S-\eta_T\approx 1$ for C to Fe primary species. This is consistent with the toy-model calculation in which the shape of the p/He and C/O to Fe/O data is reproduced if $\eta_S-\eta_T\approx 0-1$ (no need for different slopes $\alpha$). When plotted as a function of the kinetic energy per nucleon, the low-energy p/He ratio is shaped mostly by the modulation effect, whereas primary/O ratios are mostly shaped by their destruction rate.Comment: 18 pages, 14 figures: accepted in A&A (1 table added

Experimental Efforts on Very High-Energy Cosmic Rays and their Interactions - Conference Summary

Progress reported during the XV International Symposium on Very High-Energy Cosmic-Ray Interactions is summarized. Emphasize is given to experimental work. The actual status, recent results, and their implications on the present understanding of the origin of high-energy cosmic-rays and their interactions are discussed.Comment: Invited summary of the experimental efforts discussed at the XV ISVHECR

Cosmic rays measurements around the knee of the primary spectrum

In this contribution I will summarize and discuss some recent results about the study of the knee of the cosmic rays energy spectrum, indicating that this spectral feature is originated by astrophysical processes. I will then discuss the current experimental efforts that are giving further insights. Latest all particle spectrum measurements have shown that, between 1016eV and 1018eV, the spectrum cannot be described by a single slope power law: an hardening around 1016eV and a steepeningaround 1017eV have been observed. This last feature has been attributed, by the KASCADE-Grande experiment, to the heavy primary component, confirming that the energy of the elemental spectra change of slope increase with the mass of the primary particle

Approaching the knee -- balloon-borne observations of cosmic ray composition

Below the knee in the cosmic ray spectrum, balloon and spacecraft experiments offer the capability of direct composition and energy measurements on the primary particles. A major difficulty is obtaining enough exposure to extend the range of direct measurements sufficiently high in energy to permit overlap with ground-based observations. Presently, balloon and space measurements extend only up to ~100 TeV, well below the range of ground-based experiments. The prospect of Ultra-Long Duration Balloon missions offers the promise of multiple long flights that can build up exposure. The status of balloon measurements to measure the high energy proton and nuclear composition and spectrum is reviewed, and the statistical considerations involved in searching for a steepening in the spectrum are discussed. Given the very steeply falling spectrum, it appears unlikely that balloon experiments will be able to extend the range of direct measurements beyond 1000 TeV any time in the near future. Especially given the recent suggestions from KASCADE that the proton spectrum steepens only at 4000-5000 TeV, the chance of detecting the knee with direct measurements of protons to iron on balloons is not likely to occur without significant increases in the payload and flight duration capabilities of high altitude balloons.Comment: 10 pages, to be published, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. (Proc. Workshop on Physics at the End of the Galactic Cosmic Ray Spectrum, Aspen, April 2005

Cosmic-Ray Proton and Helium Spectra from the First CREAM Flight

Cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra have been measured with the balloon-borne Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass experiment flown for 42 days in Antarctica in the 2004-2005 austral summer season. High-energy cosmic-ray data were collected at an average altitude of ~38.5 km with an average atmospheric overburden of ~3.9 g cm$^{-2}$. Individual elements are clearly separated with a charge resolution of ~0.15 e (in charge units) and ~0.2 e for protons and helium nuclei, respectively. The measured spectra at the top of the atmosphere are represented by power laws with a spectral index of -2.66 $\pm$ 0.02 for protons from 2.5 TeV to 250 TeV and -2.58 $\pm$ 0.02 for helium nuclei from 630 GeV/nucleon to 63 TeV/nucleon. They are harder than previous measurements at a few tens of GeV/nucleon. The helium flux is higher than that expected from the extrapolation of the power law fitted to the lower-energy data. The relative abundance of protons to helium nuclei is 9.1 $\pm$ 0.5 for the range from 2.5 TeV/nucleon to 63 TeV/nucleon. This ratio is considerably smaller than the previous measurements at a few tens of GeV/nucleon.Comment: 20 pages, 4 figure

Cosmic-ray composition and its relation to shock acceleration by supernova remnants

An overview is given on the present status of the understanding of the origin of galactic cosmic rays. Recent measurements of charged cosmic rays and photons are reviewed. Their impact on the contemporary knowledge about the sources and acceleration mechanisms of cosmic rays and their propagation through the Galaxy is discussed. Possible reasons for the knee in the energy spectrum and scenarios for the end of the galactic cosmic-ray component are described.Comment: Invited talk given at the 36th COSPAR Scientific Assembly Beijing, China, 16 -- 23 July 2006 - submitted to Advances in Space Research - comments are welcom

Cosmic Rays from the Knee to the Highest Energies

This review summarizes recent developments in the understanding of high-energy cosmic rays. It focuses on galactic and presumably extragalactic particles in the energy range from the knee (10^15 eV) up to the highest energies observed (>10^20 eV). Emphasis is put on observational results, their interpretation, and the global picture of cosmic rays that has emerged during the last decade.Comment: Invited review, submitted to Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physic