The gut microbiota of marine fish

The body of work relating to the gut microbiota of fish is dwarfed by that on humans and mammals. However, it is a field that has had historical interest and has grown significantly along with the expansion of the aquaculture industry and developments in microbiome research. Research is now moving quickly in this field. Much recent focus has been on nutritional manipulation and modification of the gut microbiota to meet the needs of fish farming, while trying to maintain host health and welfare. However, the diversity amongst fish means that baseline data from wild fish and a clear understanding of the role that specific gut microbiota play is still lacking. We review here the factors shaping marine fish gut microbiota and highlight gaps in the research

Prediction of second neurological attack in patients with clinically isolated syndrome using support vector machines

The aim of this study is to predict the conversion from clinically isolated syndrome to clinically definite multiple sclerosis using support vector machines. The two groups of converters and non-converters are classified using features that were calculated from baseline data of 73 patients. The data consists of standard magnetic resonance images, binary lesion masks, and clinical and demographic information. 15 features were calculated and all combinations of them were iteratively tested for their predictive capacity using polynomial kernels and radial basis functions with leave-one-out cross-validation. The accuracy of this prediction is up to 86.4% with a sensitivity and specificity in the same range indicating that this is a feasible approach for the prediction of a second clinical attack in patients with clinically isolated syndromes, and that the chosen features are appropriate. The two features gender and location of onset lesions have been used in all feature combinations leading to a high accuracy suggesting that they are highly predictive. However, it is necessary to add supporting features to maximise the accuracy. © 2013 IEEE

CONSTRUCTION D'UN SYSTEME A BASE DE CONNAISSANCES POUR L'ACQUISITION ET LE TRAITEMENT DU SIGNAL EN SPECTROSCOPIE RMN

CE TRAVAIL TRAITE DE LA SPECTROSCOPIE PROTON PAR RESONANCE MAGNETIQUE NUCLEAIRE (SRM), SUR UN IMAGEUR CLINIQUE 1.5T. DANS CE CADRE, LE PRATICIEN HOSPITALIER PEUT SE POSER DIFFERENTES QUESTIONS SUR LA VARIABILITE DES MESURES RELATIVES AUX FACTEURS INSTRUMENTAUX, PHYSIOLOGIQUES ET BIOLOGIQUES. POUR REPONDRE A CES QUESTIONS FONDAMENTALES, NOUS PROPOSONS UN TRAITEMENT DU SIGNAL EN TROIS ETAPES. 1) UNE METHODE DE QUANTIFICATION NON-LINEAIRE SOUS CONTRAINTE. IL S'AGIT DE DECOMPOSER LE SIGNAL DE SRM EN UNE COMBINAISON NON-LINEAIRE DE SIGNAUX RELATIVEMENT A UNE BASE DE DONNEES DE METABOLITES. CETTE BASE EST CONSTITUEE DE LA REPONSE TEMPORELLE DES MOLECULES CONSIDEREES IN VITRO. 2) RECENSER LES DIFFERENTES SOURCES DE VARIABILITE DU SIGNAL PAR RAPPORT AUX PARAMETRES D'ACQUISITION. 3) UNE METHODE DE NORMALISATION DU SIGNAL, PAR RAPPORT A UNE BASE DE DONNEES D'ENREGISTREMENTS SPECTROSCOPIQUES SUR FANTOME, POUR ATTENUER LES EFFETS INSTRUMENTAUX. EN OUTRE, NOUS AVONS ETABLI QUE POUR CETTE METHODE DE QUANTIFICATION, L'UTILISATION D'OPERATEURS A NOYAUX EXPONENTIELS DONNENT DE BONS RESULTATS ET QUE LES EFFETS DES COURANTS DE FOUCAULT, DU SHIM PEUVENT ETRE PRIS EN COMPTE PAR UN TERME QUADRATIQUE. APRES APPLICATION DE CES DIFFERENTES ETAPES, IL EST POSSIBLE DE DONNER DES CONCENTRATIONS ABSOLUES (AU SENS DE L'UNITE CHOISIE) INDEPENDANTES DES INFLUENCES INSTRUMENTALES ET D'ACCEDER A LA VARIABILITE BIOLOGIQUE. CETTE METHODE, A ETE VALIDEE SUR UNE BASE DE 498 ENREGISTREMENTS SPECTROSCOPIQUES SUR VOLONTAIRES SAINS. IL EST A NOTER QU'IL SUBSISTE UN PROBLEME ESSENTIEL RELATIF A L'UTILISATION D'UNE BASE DE DONNEES METABOLIQUES INCOMPLETE (PAR RAPPORT AU SIGNAL). DANS CE CAS, LE SYSTEME EST ENTACHE D'UN BIAIS D'ESTIMATION (COMME TOUTES TECHNIQUES DE QUANTIFICATION). UNE SOLUTION EST CEPENDANT ENVISAGEABLE, ELLE CONSISTE A CALCULER LES COURBURES DU MODELE ET A ESTIMER LE BIAIS DES PARAMETRES.CAEN-BU Sciences et STAPS (141182103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Approach in green, avoid in red? Examining interindividual variabilities and personal color preferences through continuous measures of specific meaning associations

International audienc

Approach in green, avoid in red? Examining interindividual variabilities and personal color preferences through continuous measures of specific meaning associations

International audienc

Left fronto-temporal dysconnectivity within the language network in schizophrenia: An fMRI and DTI study

International audienc

Helping Reasoners Succeed in the Wason Selection Task: When Executive Learning Discourages Heuristic Response but Does Not Necessarily Encourage Logic

International audienceReasoners make systematic logical errors by giving heuristic responses that reflect deviations from the logical norm. Influential studies have suggested first that our reasoning is often biased because we minimize cognitive effort to surpass a cognitive conflict between heuristic response from system 1 and analytic response from system 2 thinking. Additionally , cognitive control processes might be necessary to inhibit system 1 responses to activate a system 2 response. Previous studies have shown a significant effect of executive learning (EL) on adults who have transferred knowledge acquired on the Wason selection task (WST) to another isomorphic task, the rule falsification task (RFT). The original paradigm consisted of teaching participants to inhibit a classical matching heuristic that sufficed the first problem and led to significant EL transfer on the second problem. Interestingly, the reasoning tasks differed in inhibiting-heuristic metacognitive cost. Success on the WST requires half-suppression of the matching elements. In contrast, the RFT necessitates a global rejection of the matching elements for a correct answer. Therefore, metacognitive learning difficulty most likely differs depending on whether one uses the first or second task during the learning phase. We aimed to investigate this difficulty and various matching-bias inhibition effects in a new (reversed) paradigm. In this case, the transfer effect from the RFT to the WST could be more difficult because the reasoner learns to reject all matching elements in the first task. We observed that the EL leads to a significant reduction in matching selections on the WST without increasing logical performances. Interestingly, the acquired metacognitive knowledge was too "strictly" transferred and discouraged matching rather than encouraging logic. This finding underlines the complexity of learning transfer and adds new evidence to the pedagogy of reasoning