The carbon dioxide combining power of the blood plasma, its determination and its significance in certain pathological conditions

1. There is a marked fall in the CO₂ combining power of the blood plasma in states of uraemia as estimated by the Van Slyke apparatus.2. Relative normal in Chronic Interstitial Nephritis where there is no clinical evidence of uraemia.3. If the CO₂ combining power reading of the blood plasma remains high then less likelihood of uraemia supervening.4. Suggested early treatment of uraemia before definite clinical signs of this condition appear if one finds the reading of the CO₂ combining power commencing to fall.5. Patient is more likely to die suddenly of cerebral haemorrhage than go into uraemic coma if the CO₂ combining power reading remains high. It is in cases of high blood pressures:- all the cases I have mentioned had relatively high blood pressures.)6. CO₂ combining power reading of the blood plasma is of useful diagnostic value in comatose or semi-comatose patients. If the CO₂ combining power reading is high then less likelihood of patient being in uraemic coma,7. If CO₂ combining,power reading is low in an unconscious patient and after examination of urine no sugar is found, the patient is likely to be in uraemic coma.8. Findings are not so low in this short series of cases as others have found (i.e. the CO₂ combining power readings of the blood plasma).9. There is no particular correlation between the CO₂ combining power findings and the blood chemistry findings.10. CO₂ combining power readings useful in diagnosis of epileptic seizures from uraemic convulsions, if any dubiety should arise in the diagnosis.11. Relative lowness of supposed normal figures found as compared to those found by Van Slyke, Dunlop Stewart and others

The long shadows of Spanish and French colonial education

Both Spanish and French colonial education included several features that restricted education. Many of them persisted long after independence. Against this background, this paper econometrically studies whether in the recent past the colonial legacy still affected schooling in the ex-colonies of these two former colonial powers – and, for comparison, in the ex-colonies of Britain, the third of the former big three colonial powers. Using a large sample of countries and numerous controls, it finds substantial negative effects on both secondary enrollment and average years of schooling in former French and, especially, in former Spanish colonies. The negative effects on females are particularly large. By contrast, there are no effects in former British colonies