7 research outputs found
Inferred galaxy properties during Cosmic Dawn from early JWST photometry results
Early photometric results from JWST have revealed a number of galaxy
candidates above redshift 10. The initial estimates of inferred stellar masses
and the associated cosmic star formation rates are above most theoretical model
predictions up to a factor of 20 in the most extreme cases, while this has been
moderated after the recalibration of NIRCam and subsequent spectroscopic
detections. Using these recent JWST observations, we use galaxy scaling
relations from cosmological simulations to model the star formation history to
very high redshifts, back to a starting halo mass of 10^7 solar masses, to
infer the intrinsic properties of the JWST galaxies. Here we explore the
contribution of supermassive black holes, stellar binaries, and an excess of
massive stars to the overall luminosity of high-redshift galaxies. Despite the
addition of alternative components to the spectral energy distribution, we find
stellar masses equal to or slightly higher than previous stellar mass
estimates. Most galaxy spectra are dominated by the stellar component, and the
exact choice for the stellar population model does not appear to make a major
difference. We find that four of the 12 high-redshift galaxy candidates are
best fit with a non-negligible active galactic nuclei component, but the
evidence from the continuum alone is insufficient to confirm their existence.
Upcoming spectroscopic observations of z > 10 galaxies will confirm the
presence and nature of high-energy sources in the early universe and will
constrain their exact redshifts.Comment: 20 pages, 13 figures, 5 tables. Accepted by MNRAS. 12 figures, 13
tables in appendice
Supermassive Black Hole Feedback
Understanding the processes that drive galaxy formation and shape the
observed properties of galaxies is one of the most interesting and challenging
frontier problems of modern astrophysics. We now know that the evolution of
galaxies is critically shaped by the energy injection from accreting
supermassive black holes (SMBHs). However, it is unclear how exactly the
physics of this feedback process affects galaxy formation and evolution. In
particular, a major challenge is unraveling how the energy released near the
SMBHs is distributed over nine orders of magnitude in distance throughout
galaxies and their immediate environments. The best place to study the impact
of SMBH feedback is in the hot atmospheres of massive galaxies, groups, and
galaxy clusters, which host the most massive black holes in the Universe, and
where we can directly image the impact of black holes on their surroundings. We
identify critical questions and potential measurements that will likely
transform our understanding of the physics of SMBH feedback and how it shapes
galaxies, through detailed measurements of (i) the thermodynamic and velocity
fluctuations in the intracluster medium (ICM) as well as (ii) the composition
of the bubbles inflated by SMBHs in the centers of galaxy clusters, and their
influence on the cluster gas and galaxy growth, using the next generation of
high spectral and spatial resolution X-ray and microwave telescopes.Comment: 10 pages, submitted to the Astro2020 decada
Supermassive Black Hole Feedback
Galaxy evolution is critically shaped by the energy injection from supermassive black holes (SMBHs). A major challenge is unraveling how the energy released near the SMBHs is distributed throughout galaxies and their environments. This white paper discusses the prospect of tackling this problem using high-resolution X-ray/microwave observations
Supermassive Black Hole Feedback
Galaxy evolution is critically shaped by the energy injection from supermassive black holes (SMBHs). A major challenge is unraveling how the energy released near the SMBHs is distributed throughout galaxies and their environments. This white paper discusses the prospect of tackling this problem using high-resolution X-ray/microwave observations
Enhanced infection prophylaxis reduces mortality in severely immunosuppressed HIV-infected adults and older children initiating antiretroviral therapy in Kenya, Malawi, Uganda and Zimbabwe: the REALITY trial
Meeting abstract FRAB0101LB from 21st International AIDS Conference 18â22 July 2016, Durban, South Africa.
Introduction: Mortality from infections is high in the first 6 months of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIVâinfected adults and children with advanced disease in subâSaharan Africa. Whether an enhanced package of infection prophylaxis at ART initiation would reduce mortality is unknown.
Methods:
The REALITY 2Ă2Ă2 factorial openâlabel trial (ISRCTN43622374) randomized ARTânaĂŻve HIVâinfected adults and children >5 years with CD4 <100 cells/mm3. This randomization compared initiating ART with enhanced prophylaxis (continuous cotrimoxazole plus 12 weeks isoniazid/pyridoxine (antiâtuberculosis) and fluconazole (antiâcryptococcal/candida), 5 days azithromycin (antiâbacterial/protozoal) and singleâdose albendazole (antiâhelminth)), versus standardâofâcare cotrimoxazole. Isoniazid/pyridoxine/cotrimoxazole was formulated as a scored fixedâdose combination. Two other randomizations investigated 12âweek adjunctive raltegravir or supplementary food. The primary endpoint was 24âweek mortality.
Results:
1805 eligible adults (n = 1733; 96.0%) and children/adolescents (n = 72; 4.0%) (median 36 years; 53.2% male) were randomized to enhanced (n = 906) or standard prophylaxis (n = 899) and followed for 48 weeks (3.8% lossâtoâfollowâup). Median baseline CD4 was 36 cells/mm3 (IQR: 16â62) but 47.3% were WHO Stage 1/2. 80 (8.9%) enhanced versus 108(12.2%) standard prophylaxis died before 24 weeks (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 0.73 (95% CI: 0.54â0.97) p = 0.03; Figure 1) and 98(11.0%) versus 127(14.4%) respectively died before 48 weeks (aHR = 0.75 (0.58â0.98) p = 0.04), with no evidence of interaction with the two other randomizations (p > 0.8). Enhanced prophylaxis significantly reduced incidence of tuberculosis (p = 0.02), cryptococcal disease (p = 0.01), oral/oesophageal candidiasis (p = 0.02), deaths of unknown cause (p = 0.02) and (marginally) hospitalisations (p = 0.06) but not presumed severe bacterial infections (p = 0.38). Serious and grade 4 adverse events were marginally less common with enhanced prophylaxis (p = 0.06). CD4 increases and VL suppression were similar between groups (p > 0.2).
Conclusions:
Enhanced infection prophylaxis at ART initiation reduces early mortality by 25% among HIVâinfected adults and children with advanced disease. The pill burden did not adversely affect VL suppression. Policy makers should consider adopting and implementing this lowâcost broad infection prevention package which could save 3.3 lives for every 100 individuals treated