A 100 years institutionalized cultural heritage protection. From the institutionalized international coopération intellectuelle to the human right to cultural heritage

Almost 100 years ago, the Commission International de Coopération Intellectuelle (CICI) was founded in 1922. Its goal and mission was to enhance peaceful cooperation between peoples via educational and cultural means. Although this Commission shared the fate of the League of Nations, CICI’s successor, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was more successful, laying the groundwork for various international agreements on the protection of cultural heritage. This article provides an overview from the beginnings of institutionalized cultural heritage protection in times of peace almost 100 years ago up until today, where so far both UN special rapporteurs for cultural rights have proclaimed a human right to cultural heritage. While this article concludes that such a specialized human right might still be in the making, sketching the evolution of cultural heritage protection from 100 years ago until the 21st century might allow also for an outlook on the future of cultural heritage protection

Why Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky et Besl i an independent species

Per qué Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky et Besi és una espècie independent. El gènere Omphalotus viu des de la zona tropical a la temperada de tot el món. Actualment, hi ha vuit espècies descrites. Dues, O. Olearius i O. Illudens viuen a Europa. Tenint en compte que aquestes dues espècies són morfològicament molt semblants, el seu estatus taxonòmic és encara matèria de controvèrsia. Aquest estudi es basa en una revisió detallada d'aquest problema: s' hi evaluen dades morfol ògiques, quimiotaxonòmiques, moleculars, i també experiments d'encreuament. Els resultats ens porten a la conclusió que O. olearius i O. Illudens són dues espècies diferents.Por qué Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky et Besi es una especie independiente. El género Omplialotus es conocido de la zona tropical a la templada, en todo el mundo. Actualmente, hay ocho especies descritas. Dos de ellas, O. olearius y O. Illudens viven en Europa. Ya que estas dos especies son morfológicamentc muy similares, aún existe discusión sobre su estatus taxonómico. Este estudio proporciona una revisión detallada de este problema: los datos morfológicos, quimiotaxonómicos, moleculares, al igual que experimentos de cruzamiento, son sometidos a evaluación. Los resultados llevan a la conclusión de que O. olearius y O. Illudens son dos especies distintas.Why Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky et Besi is an independent species. The genus Omphalotus is known from tropical or temperate areas all over the world. Currently, eight species are described. Two of them, O. olearius and O. illudens. occur in Europe. Since these two species are morphologically very similar, their taxonomical status is still controversial. This study provides a careful review of the problem: morphological, chemotaxo nomical, molecular data as well as data from mating experiments are evaluated. The results point to the conclusion that O. olearius and O. illudens are distinct species

Experimental quantum information processing with 43Ca+ ions

For quantum information processing (QIP) with trapped ions, the isotope 43Ca+ offers the combined advantages of a quantum memory with long coherence time, a high fidelity read out and the possibility of performing two qubit gates on a quadrupole transition with a narrow-band laser. Compared to other ions used for quantum computing, 43Ca+ has a relatively complicated level structure. In this paper we discuss how to meet the basic requirements for QIP and demonstrate ground state cooling, robust state initialization and efficient read out for the hyperfine qubit with a single 43Ca+ ion. A microwave field and a Raman light field are used to drive qubit transitions, and the coherence times for both fields are compared. Phase errors due to interferometric instabilities in the Raman field generation do not limit the experiments on a time scale of 100 ms. We find a quantum information storage time of many seconds for the hyperfine qubit.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figure

Computational methods and tools to predict cytochrome P450 metabolism for drug discovery

In this review, we present important, recent developments in the computational prediction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism in the context of drug discovery. We discuss in silico models for the various aspects of CYP metabolism prediction, including CYP substrate and inhibitor predictors, site of metabolism predictors (i.e., metabolically labile sites within potential substrates) and metabolite structure predictors. We summarize the different approaches taken by these models, such as rule‐based methods, machine learning, data mining, quantum chemical methods, molecular interaction fields, and docking. We highlight the scope and limitations of each method and discuss future implications for the field of metabolism prediction in drug discovery.publishedVersio