La innovación social como origen de la innovación científica técnica y de la innovación económica empresarial

La innovación social comprendida como nuevas y mejores formas de satisfacer las necesidades sociales, permite establecerla como origen de la innovación técnica científica y de la innovación económica empresarial. En primer lugar, la innovación social le otorga las necesidades sociales que requieren de innovación técnica científica para encontrar tales nuevas y mejores formas para satisfacerlas. En segundo lugar, la innovación social como origen de la innovación económica empresarial, con la premisa de satisfacer necesidades sociales, las empresas, a través de I y D logran ofrecer productos, procesos o servicios con mayor calidad y producirlos con menos recursos justificando que hoy en día la innovación sea un concepto que toma mayor relevancia para entender el funcionamiento de la economía

Una revisión de las tendencias en investigación sobre la innovación social: 1940-2012

La innovación social ha sido estudiada desde diferentes posturas de acuerdo con el momento histórico en el que se encuentre su autor. Este documento estudia las tendencias en el abordaje de la innovación social en dos periodos de tiempo, entre 1940 y 1990, y entre 1990 y 2012. Al encontrar dichas tendencias en investigación y documentación de la innovación, también se permite comprender la evolución que ha tenido este fenómeno. En cada periodo se analizan dos tendencias desde las cuales se explica la innovación social: en el primero, como aplicación de la innovación técnica científica y como forma de ayudar a la sociedad. En el segundo, la innovación social desde los innovadores sociales por naturaleza (gobiernos y tercer sector) y, la sociedad como objeto de estudio y fuente misma de innovaciónSocial innovation has been studied from different trends according to the historic moment of its researcher. This document studies the trends in social innovation in two terms, between 1940 and 1990, and a second term, between 1990 and 2012. Finding out these trends in researching and documentation on social innovation, it can be understood the evolution of this issue. In each term two trends have been found to explain the process of social innovation: social innovation like application of scientific innovation, social innovation like the way to help out the society, social innovation from natural innovators: governments and third sector, and, society like the object of study and source of social innovatio

Hypertrophy and insulin resistance in an in vitro model of obesity and T2DM induced by high glucose and insulin

Introducción: la obesidad es considerada un factor de riesgo para desarrollar resistencia a la insulina. La expansión del tejido adiposo se ha relacionado con el aumento de la producción de citoquinas proinflamatorias que, junto a los ácidos grasos son responsables, al menos en parte, del desarrollo de la resistencia a la insulina y esta a su vez, facilita el desarrollo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). Objetivo: el propósito de este estudio fue realizar y caracterizar un modelo in vitro de obesidad empleando concentraciones altas de glucosa e insulina en una línea de células adipocitarias. Métodos: se indujo modelo de  hipertrofia celular realizando un estímulo en adipocitos maduros con una concentración de glucosa (450 mg/dL) e insulina (106 pmol/L) (modelo HGHI). Tras estímulo se realizaron ensayos de viabilidad celular, diámetro celular, movilización de lípidos y marcadores de señalización de insulina. Resultados: tras el tratamiento con HGHI, se evidencia hipertrofia adipocitaria, incremento en la acumulación de lípidos, reducción de la ruptura de éstos, alteración de la señalización de insulina y tendencia a modificación de proteínas de marcadores de estrés de retículo y estrés oxidativo. Conclusión: estos resultados demuestran la validez del modelo in vitro que simula al menos en parte la obesidad asociada a insulino resistencia, siendo una herramienta útil para estudiar los mecanismos de susceptibilidad a obesidad y resistencia a la insulina inducida in vitro con diferentes moléculas.Introducción: la obesidad es considerada un factor de riesgo para desarrollar resistencia a la insulina. La expansión del tejido adiposo se ha relacionado con el aumento de la producción de citoquinas proinflamatorias que, junto a los ácidos grasos son responsables, al menos en parte, del desarrollo de la resistencia a la insulina y esta a su vez, facilita el desarrollo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). Objetivo: el propósito de este estudio fue realizar y caracterizar un modelo in vitro de obesidad empleando concentraciones altas de glucosa e insulina en una línea de células adipocitarias. Métodos: se indujo modelo de  hipertrofia celular realizando un estímulo en adipocitos maduros con una concentración de glucosa (450 mg/dL) e insulina (106 pmol/L) (modelo HGHI). Tras estímulo se realizaron ensayos de viabilidad celular, diámetro celular, movilización de lípidos y marcadores de señalización de insulina. Resultados: tras el tratamiento con HGHI, se evidencia hipertrofia adipocitaria, incremento en la acumulación de lípidos, reducción de la ruptura de éstos, alteración de la señalización de insulina y tendencia a modificación de proteínas de marcadores de estrés de retículo y estrés oxidativo. Conclusión: estos resultados demuestran la validez del modelo in vitro que simula al menos en parte la obesidad asociada a insulino resistencia, siendo una herramienta útil para estudiar los mecanismos de susceptibilidad a obesidad y resistencia a la insulina inducida in vitro con diferentes moléculas.Introduction: Obesity is considered a risk factor for developing insulin resistance. The increase in adipose  tissue has been related to the increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which together with fatty acids are responsible, at least in part, for the development of insulin resistance, and this in turn facilitates the development of T2 diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2). Objective: The purpose of this study was to perform and characterize an in vitro model of obesity using high concentrations of glucose and insulin on an adipocyte cell line. Methods: A cell hypertrophy model was induced by stimulating mature adipocytes with a concentration of glucose (450 mg/ dL) and insulin (106 pmol/L) (HGHI model). The cell viability, cell diameter, lipid mobilization and insulin signalling markers were evaluated. Results: After HGHI treatment, adipocytes show hypertrophy, increase in lipid accumulation, reduction of lipid breakdown, alteration of insulin signalling, a tendency to modify proteins of reticulum stress markers and, oxidative stress. Conclusion: These results demonstrate a new in vitro model that simulates, at least in part, obesity associated with insulin resistance being a useful tool to study the mechanisms of susceptibility to obesity and insulin resistance induced in vitro by differen

Covid-19 in Children and the Influence on the Employment Activity of Their Female Caregivers: A Cross Sectional Gender Perspective Study

INTRODUCTION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, women disproportionately assume more unpaid activities, affecting their employment. OBJECTIVE: Describe the influence of COVID-19 on the employment of caregivers of children and adolescents from a gender perspective. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in three high-complexity hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia from April 2020 to June 2021. A subsample of the FARA cohort was taken, including those patients with a positive test for SARS-COV2. We took as our analysis category children older than 8 years and younger than 18 years who had a positive SARS-COV2 test, as well as, caregivers of all children with a positive SARS-COV2 test. This subsample was drawn from the FARA cohort. A survey was applied to them. We carried out a descriptive and stratified analysis by age group, educational, and socioeconomic level. RESULTS: We included 60 surveys of caregivers and 10 surveys of children. The main caregiver in 94.8% of the cases was a female. At the beginning of the pandemic, 63.3% of the caregivers were employed, and 78.9% of those lost their employment. The vast majority of these caregiver were women (96.6%, CONCLUSION: Caregivers of children with COVID-19 with low educational levels and lower socioeconomic conditions, as well as those with children under 5 years showed greater likelihood of employment loss between the interviewed subsample

Use of High-Flow Cannula in Pediatric Patients With Respiratory Failure: A Prospective Cohort Study in Three High-Altitude Hospitals

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is a common cause of morbimortality, and a frequent reason for admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). It requires a high-flow oxygen device as treatment. Our aim is to determine the frequency and main indications for the use of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), and the prevalence of HFNC failure and its main causes, in three hospitals. METHODS: It is a multicenter prospective cohort study, developed in three hospitals in Bogota. Eligible patients were children older than 1 month and younger than 18 years who presented ARF and required management with an HFNC. The study was carried out between April 2020 and December 2021. The follow-up was carried out at 1, 6, and 48 h after starting the management. RESULTS: Of 685 patients included in the study, 296 developed ARF. The prevalence of patients with ARF who required management with HFNC was 48%. The frequency of the pathologies that cause the ARF was: Bronchiolitis was the most frequent pathology (34.5%), followed by asthmatic crisis (15.5%) and pneumonia (12.7%). The average time of use of HFNC was 81.6 h. Regarding treatment failure with HFNC, 15 patients presented torpid evolution and required invasive mechanical ventilation, with a prevalence of therapeutic failure of the HFNC of 10.6%. CONCLUSION: The use of HFNC is more frequent in patients with bronchiolitis, in children under 2 years of age and in males, which is in line with what has been reported in the literature. In addition, the failure rate of HFNC is low (10.6%), and it may be useful in other pathologies besides bronchiolitis, such as asthma, pneumonia, among others. It opens the possibility to continue evaluating the role of HFNC in pediatric pathology in new studies

Análisis de los destinos turísticos del futuro

Actualmente, el mayor reto del mercado turístico es cubrir la demanda de viajeros que buscan nuevos destinos turísticos, y que a la vez desean experimentar una innovación tecnológica en ellos. El turismo espacial, se ha convertido en uno de los sectores más llamativos pertenecientes a la industria turística, y por ello las empresas relacionadas a este campo buscan satisfacer las futuras necesidades de los clientes a quienes van dirigidas sus actividades, e implementar un nuevo modelo de viaje que trabaje con los avances tecnológicos para así conocer el espacio exterior. En este artículo se analiza el impacto de las formas innovadoras de viaje actuales, y las que próximamente serán establecidas, basándose en los factores de brindar comodidad, seguridad y una experiencia completamente nueva a los clientes sin desaprovechar las nuevas tecnologías, para así lograr el reconocimiento del avance de la industria turística. Los resultados preliminares de esta investigación permiten evidenciar el número de proyectos que buscan ser implementados y lanzados al público, con relación a los destinos turísticos en el espacio exterior, y la posibilidad de lograr salir de este planeta de forma más asequible para los viajeros alrededor del mundo

Estudio de ecosistemas terrestres y acuáticos ubicados en el parque nacional natural cueva de los guácharos (acevedo, huila)

Los estudios realizados durante el tiempo en el que se realizó la salida de campo de la asignatura Ecología Regional Continental del 3 al 17 de septiembre de 2010 permitieron determinar ciertas características y estados de calidad en los sistemas acuáticos y vegetales (bosque subandino) del Parque Nacional Natural Cueva de los Güácharos(PNNCG). Para el estudio limnológico se realizaron muestreos en varios ecosistemas acuáticos: Laguna Encantada, Quebrada Chánchiras, Quebrada La Lindosa, Cascada Cristales, Rí­o Suaza, Cueva de los Guacharos y Cueva del Indio. Se tomaron muestras a de variales fisicoquímicas y de comunidades biológicas (perifiton, plancton, macroinvertebrados). Las aguas de la región son de temperaturas medias y se mineralizan al pasar por el sistema de cuevas; son ligeramente alcalinas y bajas en nutrientes (oligotróficas) y transportan bajas a moderadas cantidades de sólidos suspendidos. Los datos fisicoquímicos que caracterizan a los ecosistemas acuáticos del PNNCG corresponden a sistemas típicos neotropicales, con baja intervención humana y condiciones propias de ambientes cársticos. La materia orgánica aportada por la vegetación riparia y por las macrófitas sustenta diferentes órdenes de macroinvertebrados, siendo los más representativos Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Hemíptera y Trichoptera. El bosque subandino estudiado se encuentra en proceso de desarrollo debido a que presenta una mayor cantidad de arboles del conjunto del futuro; no obstante, el conjunto del presente, aunque en una menor proporción, se encuentra bien establecido. Esto también se puede observar en los mapas de cobertura vegetal del estrato arbóreo, donde el dosel es continuo y solamente se interrumpe por los disturbios ocasionados por la muerte y caída de árboles del conjunto del presente, lo que genera claros en el bosque y permite que los arboles del conjunto del futuro desarrollen su cobertura

Gamificación en Iberoamérica. Experiencias desde la comunicación y la educación

La presente obra capitular es el resultado de las investigaciones sobre las aplicaciones de la gamificación en contextos múltiples, emergentes provenientes de las comunicaciones presentadas en el Simposio 06 del III Congreso Internacional Comunicación y Pensamiento (Sevilla, España), así como de aquellas presentadas por los miembros del Gamelab UPS, del Proyecto I+D+i Coordinado “Competencias mediáticas de la ciudadanía en medios digitales emergentes (smartphones y tablets): Prácticas innovadoras y estrategias educomunicativas en contextos múltiples” (EDU2015-64015-C3-1-R) (MINECO/FEDER), de la “Red de Educación Mediática” del Programa Estatal de Investigación Científica-Técnica de Excelencia, Subprograma Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento (EDU2016-81772-REDT), financiados por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) y Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España. En este sentido se busca construir, desde una mirada dual desde Europa y América Latina el primer libro iberoamericano de gamificación, avalado por el Gamelab de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (Ecuador), el Proyecto I+D+i EDU2015-64015-C3-1-R, la Red Interuniversitaria Euroamericana de Investigación sobre Competencias Mediáticas para la Ciudadanía (Alfamed), el Laboratorio de Estudios en Comunicación (Ladecom) y el Grupo de Investigación Ágora (PAI-HUM-648) de la Universidad de Huelva (España) y el Grupo de Investigación Estructura, Historia y Contenidos de la Comunicación GREHCCO

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks