Editorial:Mental Health and Positive Youth Development in Sport and Physical Activity Contexts

Copyright © 2021 Calmeiro, Teques, Rosado and Barros. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.Participation in sport and physical activity has been associated with a variety of positive consequences to young people’s physical, psychological, social, and spiritual health (Bouchard et al., 2012). Broadly defined, physical activity is thought to contribute to the development of internal and external health assets (Morgan and Ziglio, 2007), which allows participants to transfer skills to other contexts of life. For example, sports may help young people building a set of beliefs, skills, attributes, and knowledge leading to a healthy and productive life. Competence, confidence, character, compassion, and a sense of connection in young people are dimensions of healthy development that can be nurtured through sport and physical activity environments and applied to other domains (Lerner et al., 2009; Jones et al., 2011).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Reprodutibilidade e validade de questionário de consumo alimentar para escolares

O estudo objetivou avaliar a reprodutibilidade e a validade do questionário de consumo alimentar do dia anterior (QUADA) para escolares. O questionário é ilustrado com 21 alimentos e foi delineado para uso em nível de grupo. Participaram 131 escolares de oito a dez anos de idade de uma escola pública de período integral da cidade de Balneário Camboriú, Santa Catarina, em 2005. A reprodutibilidade foi avaliada em duas aplicações do questionário no mesmo dia. A validade foi obtida pela comparação entre os itens alimentares selecionados no questionário e a observação direta de três refeições escolares do dia anterior. O questionário apresentou alta sensibilidade, com valores variando entre 73,4% (feijão) e 95,5% (arroz), e alta especificidade, variando entre 87,3% (frutas) e 98,8% (feijão). Conclui-se que o questionário pode gerar dados reprodutíveis e válidos para avaliar o consumo alimentar de escolares no dia anterior.The aim of the study was to assess the reproducibility and validity of the previous day food questionnaire (PDFQ) for schoolchildren. The questionnaire is illustrated with 21 foods and was designed for use at group level. The participants were 131 schoolchildren aged eight to ten years who were studying full-time in a public school in a city of Southern Brazil, in 2005. Reproducibility was assessed by applying the questionnaire twice on the same day. Validity was assessed by comparing the food items selected on the questionnaire and direct observations from three school meals on the previous day. The questionnaire presented high sensitivity, ranging from 73.4% (beans) to 95.5% (rice), and high specificity, ranging from 87.3% (fruits) to 98.8% (beans). It was concluded that the questionnaire was capable of generating reproducible and valid data for assessing the food intake of schoolchildren on the previous day

Ética na pesquisa com seres humanos: revisão dos artigos publicados na Revista Paulista de Educação Física (1996-2004)

Com a publicação da Resolução 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde, todos os projetos de pesquisa com seres humanos devem atender a determinados princípios éticos. Neste cenário, os comitês de ética e pesquisa (CEP) têm a responsabilidade de avaliar os procedimentos adotados no desenvolvimento do estudo enquanto os periódicos científicos devem adotar políticas editoriais em consonância com estes pressupostos éticos. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o conteúdo dos manuscritos originais publicados na Revista Paulista de Educação Física (RPEF) quanto ao atendimento a alguns pressupostos éticos na pesquisa com seres humanos. Foram analisados todos os artigos publicados na RPEF, no período de 1996 a 2004. Todos os artigos foram avaliados quanto ao delineamento do estudo e aspectos éticos. Para a associação dos aspectos éticos e os estudos, recorreu-se a procedimentos descritivos e análise de associação mediante aplicação do teste de qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. Em apenas dois artigos havia a menção à garantia de anonimato, enquanto em cinco havia a referência a solicitação de assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE). Somente dois artigos continham expressamente a referência à aprovação do estudo em um CEP. Nenhum dos artigos publicados na RPEF fazia menção simultânea ao anonimato, TCLE e aprovação num CEP. Embora as normas de submissão à RPEF orientem os autores a incluírem referência ao consentimento dos sujeitos, apenas um pequeno número continha esta informação. Sugere-se a revisão das normas de publicação da RPEF, explicitando mais incisivamente a necessidade de informação de aspectos éticos no corpo do manuscrito.With the publication of the Resolution 196/96 of the Brazilian National Health Council, all research projects must observe the ethical principles of autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. Ethical Committees are responsible for observing the procedures used in the development of studies and periodicals must incorporate the resolution in their publication guidelines. The objective of this study was to analyze the contents of original manuscripts published in the Paulista Journal of Physical Education in light of their observance of the ethical principles in human subject research. All articles published between 1996 and 2004 were analyzed. Each article was evaluated along the following dimensions: study outline and ethical questions. The analyses included descriptive statistics procedures and exploratory analysis. There was mention of a guarantee of anonymity in only two studies, while five articles mentioned the signature of a term of free and informed consent. Only two articles made express reference to the Ethical Committees approval of the study. No article mentioned all three safeguards. Though the Paulista Journal of Physical Education submission guidelines suggest that authors include references to the subjects’ consent, only a small number contained that information. It is suggested revision of the publication norms of the Paulista Journal of Physical Education, showing more incisively the necessity of information of ethical aspects in the body of the manuscript

Participação nas aulas de educação física e indicadores de atitudes relacionadas à atividade física em adolescentes

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação entre participação nas aulas de educação física (PAEF) e atitudes relacionadas à atividade física (gostar de fazer atividade física e preferir atividades de lazer fisicamente ativas) em adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico transversal, a partir de uma amostra representativa de adolescentes (n = 4.207, 14-19 anos) estudantes do ensino médio da rede pública estadual de Pernambuco. Dados foram coletados através de um questionário previamente validado. Observou-se que entre os adolescentes que relataram participar das aulas de educação física a chance de gostar de fazer atividade física foi 73% maior nos rapazes e 93% superior nas moças em comparação àqueles que não participam das aulas. A chance de preferir atividades de lazer fisicamente ativas foi 97% e 72% superior nos rapazes e nas moças que PAEF, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que a PAEF está diretamente associada aos indicadores que expressam atitudes dos adolescentes em relação à atividade física.The objective of this study was to analyze the association between the participation in physical education classes (PPEC) and attitudes towards physical activity (to enjoy physical activity and to prefer active leisure activities) in adolescents. This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study from a representative sample of adolescents (n = 4207, 14-19 years) high school students of public schools from Pernambuco. Data were collected using a previously validated questionnaire. It was found that among adolescents who reported PPEC the chance to enjoy physical activity was 73% higher in boys and 93% higher in girls compared to those who do not participate in the classes. The chance of to prefer active leisure activities was 97% and 72% higher in boys than in girls and PPEC, respectively. It was concluded that the PPEC is directly associated with the indicators that express attitudes of adolescents in relation to physical activity

Associação entre fatores precoces e prática de atividade física referidas pelos pais em crianças de 5 a 7 anos / Association between early life factors and physical activity of practical reported by parents of children of 5 to 7 years old

Objetivo: Verificar se existe associação entre fatores precoces e indicadores de atividade física (AF) referida pelos pais em crianças de cinco a sete anos de idade. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 784 crianças de escolas públicas e privadas do Recife-PE. Dados sobre fatores precoces e os indicadores de prática de AF foram coletados mediante questionário administrado na forma de entrevista com as mães/pais das crianças. Para análise dos dados foi empregado à regressão logística binária. Resultados: Verificou-se que as crianças que foram amamentadas exclusivamente ao seio por >6 meses tinham menos chance de apresentarem baixo nível de participação em jogos e brincadeiras ao ar livre, mas somente quando as mães relataram trabalhar durante a gestação (OR: 0,28; IC95%:0,11-0,68; p<0,02). Identificou-se que as crianças nascidas pré-termo e aquelas mais novas apresentavam menos chance de se deslocarem inativamente para a escola quando comparadas às a termo e a crianças mais velhas (primeiro filho) (OR: 0,51; IC95%: 0,29-0,89; p<0,02). As crianças nascidas pré-termo tinham duas vezes mais chances de não participarem de atividades físicas estruturadas em comparação às a termo (OR: 2,32; IC95%: 1,36-3,95; p<0,01). Conclusão: Os fatores precoces foram associados à prática de atividade física em crianças de cinco a sete anos de idade.

Effects of isometric handgrip training on blood pressure among hypertensive patients seen within public primary healthcare: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Meta-analyses have demonstrated that isometric handgrip training (IHT) decreases blood pressure in hypertensive individuals. Nonetheless, most studies were conducted in laboratory settings and its effects in real-world settings remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of IHT on office and ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive patients attended within primary healthcare. DESIGN AND SETTING: Randomized controlled trial conducted in primary healthcare units within the Family Health Program, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: 63 hypertensive patients (30-79 years old; 70% female) were randomly allocated into IHT or control groups. IHT was performed three times per week (4 x 2 minutes at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction, one-minute rest between bouts, alternating the hands). Before and after the 12-week training period, office and ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate variability were obtained. The significance level was set at P < 0.05 (two-tailed testing) for all analyses. RESULTS: IHT significantly decreased office systolic blood pressure (IHT: 129 ± 4 versus 121 ± 3 mmHg, P 0.05), whereas there was no effect on diastolic blood pressure (IHT: 83 ± 3 versus 79 ± 2 mmHg, P > 0.05; control: 81 ± 3 versus 77 ± 3 mmHg, P > 0.05). Heart rate variability and ambulatory blood pressure were not altered by the interventions (P > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION: IHT reduced office systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients attended within primary care. However, there were effects regarding diastolic blood pressure, ambulatory blood pressure or heart rate variability. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT03216317

Perceived stress: association with the practice of leisure-time physical activity and sedentary behaviors in industrial workers

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a prevalência e a associação entre inatividade física no lazer e comportamento sedentário com a percepção negativa de estresse em industriários. Para tanto, 1910 trabalhadores foram selecionados mediante amostragem em dois estágios entre os industriários pernambucanos. Dados foram obtidos mediante uso de questionário previamente validado (Estilo de Vida e Hábitos de Lazer do Trabalhador da Indústria). Percepção negativa de estresse foi referida por 13,2% e 45,2% dos trabalhadores eram fisicamente inativos no lazer. A proporção de sujeitos que relatou despender >; 2 horas/dia assistindo televisão foi de 31,8% e 57,4%, respectivamente, em dias da semana e no final de semana. Observou-se, entre os homens, uma associação positiva entre o tempo de assistência à televisão em dias de semana e a percepção negativa de estresse. Conclui-se que a exposição a comportamento sedentário nos homens está associada à maior chance de percepção negativa de estresse.The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence and the association between physical activity and sedentary behaviors with higher perceived stress in industrial workers. For this purpose, we used a cross-sectional design in which participants were selected using a 2-stage sampling process among industrial workers in Pernambuco state (northeast of Brazil). Data were obtained by using a previously validated questionnaire (Lifestyle and Leisure Habits of Industrial Workers). Higher perceived stress was referred by 13.2% and 45.2% were inactive during leisure-time. The prevalence of workers who reported spending >;2 hours/day watching television was 31.8% and 57.4%, respectively, in week and in weekend days. It was observed, among men, a positive association between the TV-watching hours in week days with a higher perceived stress. It was concluded that the likelihood of referring higher perceived stress was greater among men exposed to sedentary behavior

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions