On weighted Adams-Bashforth rules

One class of the linear multistep methods for solving the Cauchy problems of the form $y\u27=F(x,y)$, $y(x_{0})=y_{0}$, contains Adams-Bashforth rules of the form $y_{n+1}=y_{n}+hsum_{i=0}^{k-1} B_i^{(k)} F(x_{n-i},y_{n-i})$, where ${ B_i^{(k)}} _{i = 0}^{k - 1}$ are fixed numbers. In this paper, we propose an idea for weighted type of Adams-Bashforth rules for solving the Cauchy problem for singular differential equations,[A(x)y\u27+B(x)y=G(x,y), quad y(x_0)=y_0,]where $A$ and $B$ are two polynomials determining the well-known classical weight functions in the theory of orthogonal polynomials. Some numerical examples are also included

Determination of Effect of Oral Vitamin D to Improve Ventilatory Threshold in Healthy Young Adults with Vitamin D Deficiency

Background: Many studies have shown a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in different communities. Due to multiple roles of vitamin D in the body, this study was aimed to determine the effect of oral vitamin D3 on ventilatory threshold-1 in a condition of vitamin D deficiency.Materials and Methods: Recent study performed on 25 healthy young adults with the serum levels of 25 Hydroxyvitamin D3 lower than 20 ng/ml, had referred to the sports medicine clinic of Taleghani Hospital of Tehran, in a one-year period (2016-2017). After primary evaluation, baseline ventilatory threshold-1 were determined by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Then persons were treated with 50,000 IU/week of oral vitamin D3 for 8 weeks, and one week after the completion of treatment, ventilator threshold-1 was measured again, similar to the beginning conditions of the study, and its changes were studied.Results: The mean baseline ventilatory threshold-1 of participants before any intervention was 22.46 ± 6.45 (ml/kg/min), and after 8 weeks of treatment by 50000 IU/week of oral vitamin D3, increased to 26.79 ± 5.33 (ml/kg/min) at the end of study, which there was a statistically significant increase in ventilatory threshold-1 (p<0.001).Conclusion: Recent study showed that proper treatment of the vitamin D deficiency, improves ventilatory threshold-1 in healthy young adults

The Efficacy of Cupping Therapy Added to Electroacupuncture and Exercise Therapy on Knee Osteoarthritis

Background: Electroacupuncture and exercise therapy have been used to treat knee osteoarthritis, but evidence for adding cupping to this treatment is lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of cupping and acupuncture combined with exercise on knee osteoarthritis. Materials and Methods: This randomized control trial was done on 56 patients with knee osteoarthritis. We had two groups: a control and an intervention group. Both groups received electroacupuncture and exercise therapy programs. The intervention group received cupping after electroacupuncture plus exercise therapy. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Index (WOMAC) questionnaire and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) measured patient outcomes before and after treatment. Results: All patients' VAS and WOMAC scores decreased in these two groups after treatment. The difference between VAS and WOMAC scores and pain and knee function was significant compared to the intervention group with the control group (p<0.05). The difference in knee stiffness was not significant comparing the intervention group with the control group (p>0.05). Conclusion: Adding cupping therapy following electroacupuncture and exercise therapy significantly decreased pain and improved function

Move to the Fourth-Generation Universities: A Systematic Scoping Review of Educational and Management Strategies

Background: Higher education is not uniform. There are significant differences between higher education systems among different countries and even among institutions in a similar education or system; therefore, identifying the various types of entrepreneurial activities helps the mission of fourth-generation universities. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to introduce the most important educational strategies to move towards fourth-generation universities. Methods: We systematically searched the international databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ISC, SID, and Google Scholar, until 2021 using some relevant keywords. Then, screening and selecting eligible articles according to inclusion criteria were done by two researchers independently. Results: Soft skills training, sustainable development training, training business law, reviewing the continuous training of professors, promoting ideation and creativity to solve problems, development of interdisciplinary training, decentralization of government accelerators and deployment of private accelerators, privatization of higher education, and internationalization are the most important educational strategies to move towards fourth-generation universities. One of the critical aspects and perspectives of the fourth-generation university is the development of job skills, professions, and competencies and empowerment of students and professors in line with the process of national development and solving society's problems scientifically. Conclusion: This research's analytical results help the universities design and implement their strategies to reach the fourth-generation universities according to the standard implementation models of the fourth-generation universities. Keywords: Universities, Education, Policy, Fourth-Generatio

The Efficacy of Cupping Therapy Added to Electroacupuncture and Exercise Therapy on Knee Osteoarthritis

Background: Electroacupuncture and exercise therapy have been used to treat knee osteoarthritis, but evidence for adding cupping to this treatment is lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of cupping and acupuncture combined with exercise on knee osteoarthritis. Materials and Methods: This randomized control trial was done on 56 patients with knee osteoarthritis. We had two groups: a control and an intervention group. Both groups received electroacupuncture and exercise therapy programs. The intervention group received cupping after electroacupuncture plus exercise therapy. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Index (WOMAC) questionnaire and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) measured patient outcomes before and after treatment. Results: All patients' VAS and WOMAC scores decreased in these two groups after treatment. The difference between VAS and WOMAC scores and pain and knee function was significant compared to the intervention group with the control group (p0.05). Conclusion: Adding cupping therapy following electroacupuncture and exercise therapy significantly decreased pain and improved function

Epidemiology of familial multiple sclerosis in Iran: a national registry-based study

Background Admittedly, little is known about the epidemiological signatures of familial multiple sclerosis (FMS) in different geographical regions of Iran. Objective To determine the epidemiology and the risk of FMS incidence in several provinces of Iran with a different ethnic population including, Fars, Tehran, Isfahan (Persians), and Mazandaran (Mazanis), Kermanshah (Kurds), and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (Lors). Methods This cross-sectional registry-based study was performed on nationwide MS registry of Iran (NMSRI) data collected from 2018 to 2021. This system, registers baseline characteristics, clinical presentations and symptoms, diagnostic and treatments at regional and national levels. Results A total of 9200 patients including, 7003 (76.1%) female and 2197 (23.9%) male, were participated. About 19% of patients reported a family history of MS; the order from highest to lowest FMS prevalence was as follows: Fars (26.5%), Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (21.1%), Tehran (20.5%), Isfahan (20.3%), Mazandaran (18.0%), and Kermanshah (12.5%). Of all FMS cases, 74.7% (1308 cases) were female and 25.3% (442 cases) were male. FMS occurrence was much more common in females than males (P-value = 0.001). Further, the mean age at onset was 30 years among FMS cases. A substantially higher probability of relapsing-remitting MS and secondary-progressive MS was found among FMS cases than sporadic MS (SMS) (P_value = 0.001). There was no significant difference in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores between FMS and SMS. The majority of FMS cases were observed among first-degree relatives, with the highest rate in siblings. There was a significant association between MS risk and positive familial history in both maternal and paternal aunt/uncle (P_value = 0.043 and P_value = 0.019, respectively). Multiple sclerosis occurrence among offspring of females was higher than males (P_value = 0.027). Conclusions In summary, our findings imply a noteworthy upward trend of FMS in Iran, even more than the global prevalence, which suggests a unique Atlas of FMS prevalence in this multi-ethnic population. Despite the highest rate of FMS within Persian and Lor ethnicities, no statistically significant difference was observed among the provinces

Global, regional, and national burden of osteoarthritis, 1990–2020 and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis in adults, characterised by chronic pain and loss of mobility. Osteoarthritis most frequently occurs after age 40 years and prevalence increases steeply with age. WHO has designated 2021–30 the decade of healthy ageing, which highlights the need to address diseases such as osteoarthritis, which strongly affect functional ability and quality of life. Osteoarthritis can coexist with, and negatively effect, other chronic conditions. Here we estimate the burden of hand, hip, knee, and other sites of osteoarthritis across geographies, age, sex, and time, with forecasts of prevalence to 2050. Methods In this systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study, osteoarthritis prevalence in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020 was estimated using data from population-based surveys from 26 countries for knee osteoarthritis, 23 countries for hip osteoarthritis, 42 countries for hand osteoarthritis, and US insurance claims for all of the osteoarthritis sites, including the other types of osteoarthritis category. The reference case definition was symptomatic, radiographically confirmed osteoarthritis. Studies using alternative definitions from the reference case definition (for example self-reported osteoarthritis) were adjusted to reference using regression models. Osteoarthritis severity distribution was obtained from a pooled meta-analysis of sources using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index. Final prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights to calculate years lived with disability (YLDs). Prevalence was forecast to 2050 using a mixed-effects model. Findings Globally, 595 million (95% uncertainty interval 535–656) people had osteoarthritis in 2020, equal to 7·6% (95% UI 6·8–8·4) of the global population, and an increase of 132·2% (130·3–134·1) in total cases since 1990. Compared with 2020, cases of osteoarthritis are projected to increase 74·9% (59·4–89·9) for knee, 48·6% (35·9–67·1) for hand, 78·6% (57·7–105·3) for hip, and 95·1% (68·1–135·0) for other types of osteoarthritis by 2050. The global age-standardised rate of YLDs for total osteoarthritis was 255·0 YLDs (119·7–557·2) per 100 000 in 2020, a 9·5% (8·6–10·1) increase from 1990 (233·0 YLDs per 100 000, 109·3–510·8). For adults aged 70 years and older, osteoarthritis was the seventh ranked cause of YLDs. Age-standardised prevalence in 2020 was more than 5·5% in all world regions, ranging from 5677·4 (5029·8–6318·1) per 100 000 in southeast Asia to 8632·7 (7852·0–9469·1) per 100 000 in high-income Asia Pacific. Knee was the most common site for osteoarthritis. High BMI contributed to 20·4% (95% UI –1·7 to 36·6) of osteoarthritis. Potentially modifiable risk factors for osteoarthritis such as recreational injury prevention and occupational hazards have not yet been explored in GBD modelling. Interpretation Age-standardised YLDs attributable to osteoarthritis are continuing to rise and will lead to substantial increases in case numbers because of population growth and ageing, and because there is no effective cure for osteoarthritis. The demand on health systems for care of patients with osteoarthritis, including joint replacements, which are highly effective for late stage osteoarthritis in hips and knees, will rise in all regions, but might be out of reach and lead to further health inequity for individuals and countries unable to afford them. Much more can and should be done to prevent people getting to that late stage

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic

Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Correction:Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.Peer reviewe