What Money Can Buy? Three Centuries of Norwegian Wage and Price Development

On the basis of newly utilized data from one of the largest manual historical archives on wages and prices internationally and unpublished data from Statistics Norway this article offers new wage and price series for Norway 1726-2006, which enable us to calculate real wages. These cover all main industries and sub-industries as well as an aggregated series for the entire economy. We conclude that long run real wages stayed fairly stable until the 1820s. Thereafter a modest increase took place until the 1870s, followed by rapid growth. Thus, the development of real wages seems to follow the pattern of modernization of the Norwegian economy

Sugar Esters

Sugar esters (SEs), value-added products derived from inexpensive renewable feedstocks (sugars and fatty acids), are biobased and biocompatible surfactants employed in foods, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals. They also possess antimicrobial and other biological activities. Their market size is projected to be $74.6 million by 2020. SEs are difficult to synthesize due to the poor miscibility of acyl donor and acceptor reactants and the challenges associated with water activity control during the time course of reaction and controlling the selectivity of the reaction. In this chapter, the catalytic and enzymatic syntheses of SEs in the presence of solvent and under solvent-free conditions are reviewed, in addition to properties and applications