Love Tragedy, She Wrote

This case report is unique because it entails special talent from a psychiatric patient. As an intelligent and talented writer, this patient used to correspond with her therapist (the first author) via letters to express her thought and to ventilate her emotion. Those letters were studied by his supervisor (the second author) and blindly analyzed by the third author. The letters were seen as reflection of the patient’s mental states over the years. The conclusions were made based on collective opinions of all quarters to avoid bias and to construct a clinically justified opinion

A Systematic Review of Entrepreneurial Family: Perspectives and Theoretical

 The research on entrepreneurial family business is increasing from the last decades with different perspectives. The entrepreneurial family researches contributed different ways of conceptualizing the entrepreneurial family business based on highly complex literature reviews. Still, this field is emerging, and potential for further research to fill the gaps in different areas. The current research presented a systematic review based on the period of 2010 to 2020 for understanding family business content and theoretical perspective comprehensively. The study findings highlighted how entrepreneurial family business pursues through different conceptualization and theoretical perspectives. A plethora of study is found on family businesses worldwide based on organizational performance, business ownership, corporate governance, business succession and organizational culture. However, few studies corroborated theories to explain the entrepreneurial family business phenomenon. The theories discussed in this review are resource based view theory, agency theory, stewardship theory, multi and meso level theory and sociological theory for describing the entrepreneurial family business. Moreover, the future direction is also given in this study to fill the potential in this field

Systematic Literature Review of Social Entrepreneurship Phenomenon: Perspectives and Theoretical Lenses

Social entrepreneurship (SE) is an emerging subject in the field of entrepreneurship research since previous years. However, there has been a significant increase in social entrepreneurship research based on multifaceted literature reviews. Still, this field required more research to mature the concept of social entrepreneurship studies with different dimensions. The established SE literature shows a lack of studies classifying this phenomenon through the theoretical and practical lenses. The current study fills the gap by studying practical and theoretical perspectives of social entrepreneurship. This study used a systematic review spanning 2010 to 2020 to understand social entrepreneurship conceptual and theoretical perspectives. Based on the study findings, poverty reduction, economic growth, social innovation, job creation, and social entrepreneurship orientation is the cluster of social entrepreneurship. This study also describes few theories that explained the social entrepreneurship phenomenon, e.g. social capital theory, institutional theory, economic innovation theory, complex and ecosystem theory, holistic theory of individual decision making, and behavioural entrepreneurship theory in different perspectives; despite these theories, a multidimensional theoretical perspective needs to be discussed to explain social entrepreneurship comprehensively. Moreover, future directions are also suggested in this study to fill the potential in this field

Validation of Malay Gender Role Conflict Scale for Adolescents

Background: Living in a multiracial country undergoing rapid modernization with strong influence of Western media, exposed the Malaysian adolescents to conflicting gender role messages leading to potential gender role conflict. Objectives: This study aimed to validate the Malay Gender Role Conflict Scale for Adolescents (GRCS-AM). Methods: The GRCS-A was translated into Malay language and administered to 91 secondary school students in Kubang Kerian in July 2012. Results: The internal consistency coefficients of each subscale and the total scale were good with restricted affection between men 0.58; restricted emotionality 0.65; conflict between work, school, and family 0.64; need for success and achievement 0.62; and total scale 0.76. Conclusion: The GRCS-AM is a valid and reliable tool for assessment of gender role conflict in Malaysian adolescent population

Gender Role Conflict among Malay Adolescent Boys in Malaysia

Background: Modernization process brings in economic and demographic changes where traditional masculinity could be forced to transform as men face conflicting messages about appropriate role norms. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate gender role conflict (GRC) among Malay adolescent boys and its associated socio-demographic factors using the newly validated Malay GRCS-A. Methods: A total of 282 Malay adolescent boys aged 13-17 from 6 secondary schools in Kota Bharu, Kelantan were randomly selected and evaluated using the Malay GRCS-A and DASS-21 to assess GRC and psychological wellbeing respectively. Results: GRC was significantly associated with anxiety and stress, but not with depression. Regression analysis showed GRC was positively correlated with upper secondary school (older age) and negatively correlated with separated parents and very low household income (< RM 1,000 per month). Conclusion: This study adds to the growing literature of GRC, particularly in the Malay adolescent boys. High GRC potentially worsen the already high prevalence of psychological distress among adolescents in Malaysi

Self-Esteem among Malay Children of Parents with Schizophrenia in Kelantan, Malaysia

Background: Studies have demonstrated that children of parents with schizophrenia have low self-esteem. However, only scant data exist for the local population. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate self-esteem of Malay children of parents with schizophrenia and to determine the associated socio-demographic and clinical factors. Methods: A total of 118 children of parents with schizophrenia who attended Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) between May-September 2012 participated in the study. The children's self-esteem was measured using the Malay version of Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES). Patient's psychopathology and level of functioning were measured using the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) and global assessment of functioning (GAF), respectively. Results: The RSES mean score was 23.86 ± 5.31 and low self-esteem (RSES score < 20) was reported by 32.2% subjects. In multivariate analysis, the independent factors associated with low self-esteem were girls (OR 6.29), poor academic achievement (OR 5.49), school attendance/ stopped schooling (OR 9.43), awareness of parental mental illness (OR 5.12) and parent was divorced/widow/separated (OR 3.56). Psychopathology and level of functioning of parents were not significantly associated with self-esteem of the children. Conclusion: Malay children, particularly girls, of parents with schizophrenia had low self-esteem. Children with school problems and whose parents divorced/separated also had low self-esteem

Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI &lt;18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school&#x2;aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI &lt;2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI &gt;2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit