Trade in Hajj in the Umayyad State 41-132H / 661-750M

There is no doubt that a great rite in Islam such as pilgrimage must be accompanied by many economic activities. In Hajj, people come together from different races and sects. Each pilgrim comes with what he produces and makes in his own country and then exchanges, buying and selling. In this research I will highlight the commercial activity in Hajj In the Umayyad period 41-132 AH / 661-750 AD. Thousands of pilgrims came to perform Hajj every year, and the markets were diversified. Some markets were distinguished as seasonal markets such as the Ka'az, the Mujahideen and the Mejazi. They were held during the Hajj season and were intended to trade and exchange goods and commodities, whether locally or imported, These markets were frequented by those who wanted to buy or sell any of the goods offered and traded. Hence, these markets were called the markets of the seasons for the meeting of the people where the sale and purchase. The grain trade, such as wheat, barley, wheat, and food[1]., was a popular trade during the Hajj seasons[2], because there were thousands of pilgrims every year in poor Makkah with their natural and food resources,[3] which led to the scarcity of foodstuffs available to the people of Makkah The Iraqi convoys from Iraq were rich and loaded with luggage and goods. Iraqi merchants transported large amounts of grain, such as wheat and barley, to the Hijaz for sale during the Hajj seasons. Wadi Al Qora was an old commercial road[4]. It passes By pilgrims after Islam station receiving Iraqi goods, including the transfer to Mecca. The grain trade in the ports of Hejaz, such as Jeddah and Al-Jarar, which became great markets especially for the pilgrims who lived there before they moved to Mecca, flourished. Some Egyptian pilgrims brought with them some of their goods and grains to sell in Jeddah. Then they bought what they needed before moving to (Mecca)[5], and sources point to the importance of Jeddah Port as a station to receive ships loaded with grain, these ships come loaded with wheat to Jeddah in the seasons of Hajj ([6]), and then traders to transfer these grains to Mecca and to sell and earn them, Al-Fakhi narrated about an eyewitness saying: "I saw a merchant who came from And I saw a fisherman who gave the whales of the husks, and he sold every whale of drham[7]. "In Makkah, the merchants used to buy and sell foodstuffs and other goods, and they lived next to the Holy Mosque during (Hajj) days[8], where demand for food is increasing. [1] "O our Lord! I have made some of my offspring to dwell in a valley without cultivation, by Thy Sacred House; in order, O our Lord, that they may establish regular Prayer: so fill the hearts of some among men with love towards them, and feed them with fruits: so that they may give thanks. [2] Kharboutli, Ali Husni, History of Iraq under the Umayyad Political, Social and Economic Rule, Dar Al Ma'arif, Cairo 1959 [3] Atwan, Hussein, The Poets of the Oases in the Umayyad Period, Dar Al Ma'arif, Cairo, 1970, p. 105 [4] Wadi al-Qura was named because the valley from the first to the last villages of the system, and was one of the work of the country and the effects of the villages to date phenomenon. Al-Hamwi, Dictionary of Countries, vol. 4, p. 338. [5] Ibn al-Jawzi, Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Ali (d. 597 AH / 1201 AD) The recipe of the elite, I 4, C 4, the realization of Mahmoud Fakhouri, Dar al-Maarifa Beirut 1986 pp. 324-325. [6] Ibn Asaker, The History of Damascus, C6, pp. 273-274. [7] Al-Faqihi, Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn al-Abbas (d. 275 AH / 888 AD) Makkah News in Old and Modern, II, 2C, Investigation by Abdul Malik Abdulla Deheish, Dar Khader, Beirut 1994 pg 346 [8] Al-Asfahani, Ali bin al-Hussein (356 AH / 967 AD) Songs, I 1, C 9,, House of Revival of Arab Heritage, Beirut, 1995 p. 32

Blocking of rat hippocampal Cx36 by quinine accelerates kindling epileptogenesis

There are abundant studies indicating that blocking gap junctions (GJs) containing connexin 36 (Cx36) inhibit seizures. However, recent evidences demonstrate proconvulsant effect of such intervention. Electrical coupling between GABAergic interneurons in CA1 region of hippocampus is mediated through Cx36 GJs. We investigated effect of quinine, a specific blocker of Cx36, on the seizure severity and epileptogenesis in amygala kindling model of epilepsy in rats. Quinine (1, 50, 100, 500 and 2000 μM/rat) was injected directly into the CA1 and kindled seizure parameters including behavioral seizure stage, duration of evoked afterdischarges, and duration of generalized seizures behavior were recorded 10 min afterward. Moreover, quinine (1, 30, and 100 μM/rat) was injected intra CA1 once daily during kindling development. At the doses used, quinine had no significant effect on amygdala-kindled seizures. However, quinine 100 μM significantly accelerated kindling rate. Blockade of Cx36 GJs coupling and consequent disruption of inhibitory transmission in GABAergic interneurons in CA1 area seems to be responsible for the antiepileptogenic effect of quinine

A hybrid method of GRA and DEA for evaluating and selecting efficient suppliers plus a novel ranking method for grey numbers

Purpose: Evaluation and selection of efficient suppliers is one of the key issues in supply chain management which depends on wide range of qualitative and quantitative criteria. The aim of this research is to develop a mathematical model for evaluating and selecting efficient suppliers when faced with supply and demand uncertainties. Design/methodology/approach: In this research Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) are used to evaluate and select efficient suppliers under uncertainties. Furthermore, a novel ranking method is introduced for the units that their efficiencies are obtained in the form of interval grey numbers. Findings: The study indicates that the proposed model in addition to providing satisfactory and acceptable results avoids time-consuming computations and consequently reduces the solution time. To name another advantage of the proposed model, we can point out that it enables us to make decision based on different levels of risk. Originality/value: The paper presents a mathematical model for evaluating and selecting efficient suppliers in a stochastic environment so that companies can use in order to make better decisions.Peer Reviewe

Kimura's disease with eosinophilic panniculitis - treated with cyclosporine: a case report

Kimura's disease is a rare, benign, slow growing chronic inflammatory swelling with a predilection for the head and neck region and almost always with peripheral blood eosinophilia and elevated serum IgE levels. Here, we report a 25-year-old male patient with asthma, Reynaud phenomenon, eosinophilic panniculitis, bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy and peripheral blood eosinophilia

Seroepidemiological study of Toxoplasma gondii infection in a population of Iranian epileptic patients

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders. Underlying cause of epilepsy is unknown in 60 % of the patients. Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite which is capable of forming tissue cysts in brain of chronically infected hosts including humans. Some epidemiological studies suggested an association between tox- oplasmosis and acquisition of epilepsy. In this study we determined seroprevalence of latent Toxoplasma infection in a population of Iranian epileptic patients. Participants were classified in three groups as Iranian epileptic patients (IEP, n = 414), non-epileptic patients who had other neurologic disorders (NEP, n = 150), and healthy people without any neurologic disorders (HP, n = 63). The presence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies and IgG titer in the sera were determined by ELISA method. Anti-T. gondii IgG seroprevalence obtained 35.3 %, 34.7 % and 38.1 % in IEP, NEP and HP, respectively. The seroprevalence rate was not significantly different among the three groups (P = 0.88). Anti-T. gondii IgG titer was 55.7 ± 78, 52.4 ± 74 and 69.7 ± 92 IU/ml in IEP, NEP and HP, respectively. There was not any statistically significant difference in the antibody titer between the study groups (P = 0.32). The rate of T. gondii infection in epileptic patients was not higher than non-epileptic patients and healthy people in the Iranian population

Effect of peppermint water on prevention of nipple cracks in lactating primiparous women: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Nipple pain and damage in breastfeeding mothers are common causes of premature breastfeeding cessation. Peppermint water is popularly used for the prevention of nipple cracks in the North West of Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of peppermint water in the prevention of nipple cracks during breastfeeding in comparison with the application of expressed breast milk (EBM). METHODS: One hundred and ninety-six primiparous breastfeeding women who gave birth between February and May 2005 in a teaching hospital in Tabriz, Iran, were randomized to receive either peppermint water or EBM. Each woman was followed for up to three visits or telephone calls within 14 days and then by telephone call at week six postpartum. RESULTS: Women who were randomized to receive peppermint water were less likely to experience nipple and areola cracks (9%) compared to women using EBM (27%; p < 0.01). Women who used the peppermint water on a daily basis were less likely to have a cracked nipple than women who did not use peppermint water (relative risk 3.6, 95%CI: 2.9, 4.3). Nipple pain in the peppermint water group was lower than the expressed breast milk group (OR 5.6, 95% CI: 2.2, 14.6; p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that peppermint water is effective in the prevention of nipple pain and damage. Further studies are needed to assess the usefulness of peppermint water in conjunction with correct breastfeeding techniques. Trial registration number: NCT0045640

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic

Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017 : A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe