The Impact of the Electronic Development on the Worker Privacy

لقد حرص واضع القانون سواء في إطار النصوص الخاصة بعقد العمل في القانون المدني، أو في قانون العمل نفسه على توفير الضمانات التشريعية اللازمة حماية لخصوصية العامل، وكفل الدستور حق الخصوصية حقا من حقوق الإنسان، إلا أن القانون أعطى بالمقابل الحق لصاحب العمل في مراقبة العامل أثناء تنفيذ العمل، إلا أن التطور الحاصل في التكنولوجيا الحديثة أثر سلباً على خصوصية العامل وعلى علاقة العمل برمتها، إذ أصبح أكثر عرضة لأي انتهاك لخصوصيته، وهو ما يتطلب حماية تلك الخصوصية بإصدار أحكام وقوانين تضمن للعامل الحق في الخصوصية وعدم إفشاء أسراره. إن علاقة العمل هي علاقة تبعية بين العامل وصاحب العمل غير أن على الأخير أن يحترم خصوصية العامل في ظل التطور الإلكتروني في العمل وتوفر وسائل مراقبة العمل وأعلامه بتلك الوسائل من دون الإضرار بمصلحة العامل. إننا هنا أمام مصلحتين متضاربتين وهي مصلحة صاحب العمل بتنفيذ وسير العمل بمراقبة العامل في أداء عمله وبين حرية وخصوصية العامل.The author of the law, whether within the framework of the provisions on the contract of employment in the civil law, or in the labor law itself, was keen to provide the necessary legislative guarantees such as the protection of the privacy of the worker, as well as ensured the constitution the right of privacy as a human right, but the law gave the employer the right to monitor the worker during the execution of the work, but the development of modern technology negatively affected the privacy of the worker and the entire working relationship, as it became more vulnerable to any violation of his privacy, which is what Protecting that privacy requires issuing provisions and laws that guarantee the worker the right to privacy and not to disclose his secrets. The relationship of work is a dependency relationship between the worker and the employer, but the latter must respect the privacy of the worker in light of the electronic development within the work and provide the means of monitoring the work and informing him of those means without harming the interest of the worker. We are here in front of two conflicting interests, namely the interest of the employer to carry out and conduct the work by monitoring the worker in the performance of his work and between the freedom and privacy of the worker

Investigating the classical problem of pursuit, in two modes

The pursuit problem is a historical issue of the application of mathematics in physics, which has been discussed for centuries since the time of Leonardo Da Vinci, and its applications are wide ranging from military and industrial to recreational, but its place of interest is nowhere but nature and inspiration from the way of migration of birds and hunting of archer fish. The pursuit problem involves one or more pursuers trying to catch a target that is moving in a certain direction. In this article, we delve into two modes of movement: movement on a straight line and movement on a curve. Our primary focus is on the latter. Within the context of movement on a straight line, we explore two methods and compare their respective results. Furthermore, we investigate the movement of two particles chasing each other and extend these findings to N particles that are chasing each other in pairs. By leveraging these two modes of movement, we present a novel relationship for two-particle and N-particle systems in pursuit. Lastly, we analyze the movement of moths around a lamp and evaluate their motion in relation to two-particle and N-particle systems in pursuit. The results of this analysis are carefully examined

Evaluating the Timing of Emergency Department Services in Hospitals of Arak City

مقدمه: بخش اورژانس یکی از مهمترین بخش های بیمارستان است که عملکرد آن می تواند تاثیر فراوانی بر کارکرد سایر بخش ها و میزان رضایت مندی بیماران داشته باشد. لذا سرعت ارائه خدمات در بخش اورژانس جهت کاستن از مرگ و میر و معلولیت ها از اهمیت ویژه ای برخوردار است. بنابراین مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی زمان ارائه خدمات در دو بیمارستان آموزشی شهر اراک انجام شد. روش کار: در این پژوهش مقطعی، پژوهشگران با حضور در بیمارستان های مربوطه به مدت سه ماه در شیفت های کاری مختلف، زمان ورود بیماران به بخش تریاژ را ثبت کرده و با استفاده از چک لیست مربوطه زمان های مربوط به ویزیت پزشک، ارسال نمونه های آزمایش و دریافت جواب آنها، انجام رادیوگرافی و تعیین تکلیف بیماران را با استفاده از کرونومتر ثبت کردند. يافته ها: در مطالعه حاضر 200 بیمار با میانگین سنی 5/2±8/45 وارد مطالعه شدند (5/53 درصد مرد). نتایج مطالعه نشان داد متوسط زمان تریاژ تا ویزیت پزشک، 3/4±1/8 دقیقه، فاصله ویزیت تا اولین اقدام درمانی 3/2±7/8دقیقه، زمان درخواست آزمایش تا دریافت نتیجه 5/17±9/60 دقیقه، زمان درخواست تا دریافت نتیجه رادیوگرافی 1/18±4/55 دقیقه، فاصله درخواست تا انجام نوار قلب 3/2±4/5 دقیقه و میانگین مدت زمان حضور بیمار در بخش اورژانس 3/3±9/6 ساعت می باشد. نتيجه گيری: به نظر می رسد که زمان ارایه خدمات مورد بررسی در بخش اورژانس بیمارستان های مورد مطالعه، هرچند در بعضی موارد کمتر از سایر مطالعات مشابه می باشد، اما با استانداردهای جهانی فاصله دارد.Introduction: Emergency department (ED) is one of the most important wards in a hospital and its function can deeply affect the function of other wards and patient satisfaction. Therefore, the speed of providing services in ED is of great importance in order to decrease mortality and disabilities. Thus, the present study was done with the aim of evaluating timing of services in 2 teaching hospitals in Arak. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, researchers were present in the hospitals for 3 months in various working shifts and recorded the time of the patients’ presentation to triage unit. They also recorded the times of physician’s visit, sending samples to laboratory and receiving their results, radiography performance, and decision making in a checklist using a chronometer. Results: In the present study, 200 patients with the mean age of 45.8 ± 2.5 years participated (53.5% male). The findings of the study showed that mean time interval between triage and physician’s visit was 8.1 ± 4.3 minutes, time between visit and the first treatment measure was 8.7 ± 2.3 minutes, time between ordering a test and receiving results was 60.9 ± 17.5 minutes, time between ordering radiography and getting the results was 55.4 ± 18.1 minutes, time between ordering electrocardiography and getting the results was 5.4 ± 2.3 minutes and the patient’s length of stay in ED was 6.9 ± 3.3 hours. Conclusion: It seems that although the timing of providing the studied services is less than similar studies in some cases, it is still far from the international standards.

Effects of Blood Flow Restriction and Exercise Intensity on Aerobic, Anaerobic, and Muscle Strength Adaptations in Physically Active Collegiate Women

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different combinations of blood flow restriction (BFR) pressure and exercise intensity on aerobic, anaerobic, and muscle strength adaptations in physically active collegiate women. Thirty-two women (age 22.8 ± 2.9 years; body mass index 22.3 ± 2.7 kg/m2) were randomly assigned into four experimental training groups: (a) increasing BFR pressure with constant exercise intensity (IP-CE), (b) constant partial BFR pressure with increasing exercise intensity (CPp-IE), (c) constant complete BFR pressure with increasing exercise intensity (CPC-IE), and (d) increasing BFR pressure with increasing exercise intensity (IP-IE). The participants completed 12 training sessions comprised of repeated bouts of 2 min running on a treadmill with BFR interspersed by 1-min recovery without BFR. Participants completed a series of tests to assess muscle strength, aerobic, and anaerobic performances. Muscle strength, anaerobic power, and aerobic parameters including maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), time to fatigue (TTF), velocity at VO2max (vVO2max), and running economy (RE) improved in all groups (p ≤ 0.01). The CPC-IE group outscored the other groups in muscle strength, RE, and TTF (p < 0.05). In summary, participants with complete occlusion experienced the greatest improvements in muscle strength, aerobic, and anaerobic parameters possibly due to increased oxygen deficiency and higher metabolic stress

Blood Flow Restriction During Futsal Training Increases Muscle Activation and Strength

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of leg blood flow restriction (BFR) applied during a 3-a-side futsal game on strength-related parameters. Twelve male futsal players were randomly assigned into two groups (n = 6 for each group) during 10 training sessions either with or without leg BFR. Prior to and post-training sessions, participants completed a series of tests to assess anabolic hormones and leg strength. Pneumatic cuffs were initially inflated to 110% of leg systolic blood pressure and further increased by 10% after every two completed sessions. In comparison with baseline, the resting post-training levels of myostatin (p = 0.002) and IGF-1/MSTN ratio (p = 0.006) in the BFR group changed, whereas no change in the acute level of IGF-1 and myostatin after exercise was observed. Peak torque of knee extension and flexion increased in both groups (p &lt; 0.05). A trend of increased neural activation of all heads of the quadriceps was observed in both groups, however, it was statistically significant only for rectus femoris in BFR (p = 0.02). These findings indicated that the addition of BFR to normal futsal training might induce greater neuromuscular benefits by increasing muscle activation and augmenting the hormonal response

Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations

Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Correction:Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.Peer reviewe

Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of chewing tobacco use in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Interpretation Chewing tobacco remains a substantial public health problem in several regions of the world, and predominantly in south Asia. We found little change in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use between 1990 and 2019, and that control efforts have had much larger effects on the prevalence of smoking tobacco use than on chewing tobacco use in some countries. Mitigating the health effects of chewing tobacco requires stronger regulations and policies that specifically target use of chewing tobacco, especially in countries with high prevalence. Findings In 2019, 273 center dot 9 million (95% uncertainty interval 258 center dot 5 to 290 center dot 9) people aged 15 years and older used chewing tobacco, and the global age-standardised prevalence of chewing tobacco use was 4 center dot 72% (4 center dot 46 to 5 center dot 01). 228 center dot 2 million (213 center dot 6 to 244 center dot 7; 83 center dot 29% [82 center dot 15 to 84 center dot 42]) chewing tobacco users lived in the south Asia region. Prevalence among young people aged 15-19 years was over 10% in seven locations in 2019. Although global agestandardised prevalence of smoking tobacco use decreased significantly between 1990 and 2019 (annualised rate of change: -1 center dot 21% [-1 center dot 26 to -1 center dot 16]), similar progress was not observed for chewing tobacco (0 center dot 46% [0 center dot 13 to 0 center dot 79]). Among the 12 highest prevalence countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Sri Lanka, and Yemen), only Yemen had a significant decrease in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use, which was among males between 1990 and 2019 (-0 center dot 94% [-1 center dot 72 to -0 center dot 14]), compared with nine of 12 countries that had significant decreases in the prevalence of smoking tobacco. Among females, none of these 12 countries had significant decreases in prevalence of chewing tobacco use, whereas seven of 12 countries had a significant decrease in the prevalence of tobacco smoking use for the period. Summary Background Chewing tobacco and other types of smokeless tobacco use have had less attention from the global health community than smoked tobacco use. However, the practice is popular in many parts of the world and has been linked to several adverse health outcomes. Understanding trends in prevalence with age, over time, and by location and sex is important for policy setting and in relation to monitoring and assessing commitment to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Methods We estimated prevalence of chewing tobacco use as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 using a modelling strategy that used information on multiple types of smokeless tobacco products. We generated a time series of prevalence of chewing tobacco use among individuals aged 15 years and older from 1990 to 2019 in 204 countries and territories, including age-sex specific estimates. We also compared these trends to those of smoked tobacco over the same time period. Findings In 2019, 273 & middot;9 million (95% uncertainty interval 258 & middot;5 to 290 & middot;9) people aged 15 years and older used chewing tobacco, and the global age-standardised prevalence of chewing tobacco use was 4 & middot;72% (4 & middot;46 to 5 & middot;01). 228 & middot;2 million (213 & middot;6 to 244 & middot;7; 83 & middot;29% [82 & middot;15 to 84 & middot;42]) chewing tobacco users lived in the south Asia region. Prevalence among young people aged 15-19 years was over 10% in seven locations in 2019. Although global age standardised prevalence of smoking tobacco use decreased significantly between 1990 and 2019 (annualised rate of change: -1 & middot;21% [-1 & middot;26 to -1 & middot;16]), similar progress was not observed for chewing tobacco (0 & middot;46% [0 & middot;13 to 0 & middot;79]). Among the 12 highest prevalence countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Sri Lanka, and Yemen), only Yemen had a significant decrease in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use, which was among males between 1990 and 2019 (-0 & middot;94% [-1 & middot;72 to -0 & middot;14]), compared with nine of 12 countries that had significant decreases in the prevalence of smoking tobacco. Among females, none of these 12 countries had significant decreases in prevalence of chewing tobacco use, whereas seven of 12 countries had a significant decrease in the prevalence of tobacco smoking use for the period. Interpretation Chewing tobacco remains a substantial public health problem in several regions of the world, and predominantly in south Asia. We found little change in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use between 1990 and 2019, and that control efforts have had much larger effects on the prevalence of smoking tobacco use than on chewing tobacco use in some countries. Mitigating the health effects of chewing tobacco requires stronger regulations and policies that specifically target use of chewing tobacco, especially in countries with high prevalence. Copyright (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings Globally in 2019, 1.14 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1.13-1.16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7.41 trillion (7.11-7.74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27.5% [26. 5-28.5] reduction) and females (37.7% [35.4-39.9] reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0.99 billion (0.98-1.00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7.69 million (7.16-8.20) deaths and 200 million (185-214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20.2% [19.3-21.1] of male deaths). 6.68 million [86.9%] of 7.69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7.69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a dear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe