RELAÇÃO ENTRE NUTRIÇÃO E SISTEMA IMUNE PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DA CÁRIE DENTÁRIA

The consumption of foods with high nutritional value is essential to maintain the proper functioning of the body. As a result, malnutrition negatively affects the entire functioning of the body, including the immune system, and can contribute to the onset of diseases. Currently, tooth decay affects a large proportion of people, being considered one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. In view of this, the present work aimed to carry out an analysis regarding the importance of nutrient consumption, its relationship with the functioning of the immune system and the prevention and control of tooth decay. The methodology used was a literature review, in which the data search took place in several electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar and Scielo. Works in Portuguese and English were considered with the main descriptors: nutrients; immune system and cavities. 107 articles and publications were found, with a total of 52 being evaluated in full. In short, the low quality of life most of the time makes it difficult or impossible to access satisfactory food, generating effects on the individual's immunity and general health. Components of the immune system, such as lymphocytes and immunoglobulins present in saliva, are essential in the fight against Streptococcus mutans, the etiological agent of caries. Thus, the appearance and worsening of cavities are due, among other factors, to a poor performance of the immune system, which fundamentally depends on good nutrition.O consumo de alimentos com alto valor nutritivo é indispensável para manter o bom funcionamento do organismo. Em consequência, a desnutrição afeta negativamente todo o funcionamento do corpo, incluindo o sistema imune, podendo contribuir para o aparecimento de doenças. Atualmente, a cárie dentária acomete grande parcela de pessoas, sendo considerada como uma das doenças mais prevalentes em todo o mundo. À vista disso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma análise a respeito da importância do consumo de nutrientes, sua relação com o funcionamento do sistema imune e com a prevenção e controle da cárie dentária. A metodologia utilizada foi uma revisão de literatura, na qual a busca de dados ocorreu em diversas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed, Google acadêmico e Scielo. Foram considerados trabalhos nos idiomas português e inglês com os principais descritores: nutrientes; sistema imunológico e cárie. Foram encontrados 107 artigos e publicações, sendo avaliados na íntegra um total de 52. Em suma, a baixa qualidade de vida na maioria das vezes dificulta ou impossibilita o acesso a alimentação satisfatória, gerando efeitos na imunidade e na saúde geral do indivíduo. Componentes do sistema imunológico, como linfócitos e imunoglobulinas presentes na saliva são indispensáveis no combate ao Streptococcus mutans, agente etiológico da cárie. Assim, o aparecimento e o agravamento da cárie se devem, dentre outros fatores, a uma má atuação do sistema imune que depende fundamentalmente de uma boa alimentação. &nbsp

Importância da triagem pré-natal no manejo da sífilis gestacional e impactos para o concepto: uma revisão integrativa

A gestante diagnosticada com sífilis que não é tratada ou que é tratada de forma inadequada, pode transmitir essa infecção ao concepto, causando a sífilis congênita, um problema global de saúde pública, principalmente, em países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. Dentre os fatores que estão associados aos elevados números de sífilis congênita, pode-se destacar a falta ou uma assistência pré-natal deficiente. A presente revisão integrativa objetivou discutir a importância da assistência pré-natal de qualidade no manejo de grávidas com sífilis e seu impacto para a saúde concepto. Entre agosto e outubro de 2023, foi realizado o levantamento bibliográfico utilizando os descritores “sífilis” (syphilis), “cuidado pré-natal” (prenatal care) e “parto” (parturition) e seguindo os seguintes critérios de inclusão: artigos publicados nos últimos cinco anos, escritos em português ou inglês, publicados em periódicos com classificação Qualis CAPES mínimo B2 e com texto completo eletronicamente disponível. Após a busca bibliográfica, foram identificados um total de 111 artigos, sendo 90 na BVS e 11 na PubMed. Destes, 9 atenderam a todos os critérios e foram incluídos na presente revisão. Percebe-se que a falta de acesso ou o manejo deficiente da gestante com sífilis (diagnóstico tardio ou tratamento inadequado) durante a assistência pré-natal é responsável pelos números elevados de casos de sífilis congênita. Assim, faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de estratégias que busquem fortalecer e qualificar a assistência pré-natal às gestantes com sífilis para reduzir ou eliminar os casos de sífilis congênita

High anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroconversion rates before the second wave in Manaus, Brazil, and the protective effect of social behaviour measures: results from the prospective DETECTCoV-19 cohort

Background: The city of Manaus, Brazil, has seen two collapses of the health system due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We report anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibody seroconversion rates and associated risk factors in Manaus residents before the second wave of the epidemic in Brazil. Methods: A convenience sample of adult (aged ≥18 years) residents of Manaus was recruited through online and university website advertising into the DETECTCoV-19 study cohort. The current analysis of seroconversion included a subgroup of DETECTCoV-19 participants who had at least two serum sample collections separated by at least 4 weeks between Aug 19 and Oct 2, 2020 (visit 1), and Oct 19 and Nov 27, 2020 (visit 2). Those who reported (or had no data on) having a COVID-19 diagnosis before visit 1, and who were positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibodies at visit 1 were excluded. Using an in-house ELISA, the reactivity index (RI; calculated as the optical density ratio of the sample to the negative control) for serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibodies was measured at both visits. We calculated the incidence of seroconversion (defined as RI values ≤1·5 at visit 1 and ≥1·5 at visit 2, and a ratio >2 between the visit 2 and visit 1 RI values) during the study period, as well as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) through cluster-corrected and adjusted Poisson regression models to analyse associations between seroconversion and variables related to sociodemographic characteristics, health access, comorbidities, COVID-19 exposure, protective behaviours, and symptoms. Findings: 2496 DETECTCoV-19 cohort participants returned for a follow-up visit between Oct 19 and Nov 27, 2020, of whom 204 reported having COVID-19 before the first visit and 24 had no data regarding previous disease status. 559 participants were seropositive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibodies at baseline. Of the remaining 1709 participants who were seronegative at baseline, 71 did not meet the criteria for seroconversion and were excluded from the analyses. Among the remaining 1638 participants who were seronegative at baseline, 214 showed seroconversion at visit 2. The seroconversion incidence was 13·06% (95% CI 11·52–14·79) overall and 6·78% (5·61–8·10) for symptomatic seroconversion, over a median follow-up period of 57 days (IQR 54–61). 48·1% of seroconversion events were estimated to be asymptomatic. The sample had higher proportions of affluent and higher-educated people than those reported for the Manaus city population. In the fully adjusted and corrected model, risk factors for seroconversion before visit 2 were having a COVID-19 case in the household (IRR 1·49 [95% CI 1·21–1·83]), not wearing a mask during contact with a person with COVID-19 (1·25 [1·09–1·45]), relaxation of physical distancing (1·31 [1·05–1·64]), and having flu-like symptoms (1·79 [1·23–2·59]) or a COVID-19 diagnosis (3·57 [2·27–5·63]) between the first and second visits, whereas working remotely was associated with lower incidence (0·74 [0·56–0·97]). Interpretation: An intense infection transmission period preceded the second wave of COVID-19 in Manaus. Several modifiable behaviours increased the risk of seroconversion, including non-compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions measures such as not wearing a mask during contact, relaxation of protective measures, and non-remote working. Increased testing in high-transmission areas is needed to provide timely information about ongoing transmission and aid appropriate implementation of transmission mitigation measures. Funding: Ministry of Education, Brazil; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas; Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)/WHO.World Health OrganizationRevisión por pare

Revisão da literatura sobre as principais drogas vigentes para tratamento da obesidade no Brasil

Objetivo: fornecer atualizações sobre as drogas aprovadas no Brasil para o tratamento farmacológico da diabetes, bem como novas drogas promissoras para tal fim, visando ampliar, mas não esgotar, o conhecimento médico sobre tal assunto.  Metodologia: revisão narrativa de literatura desenvolvida com base numa pesquisa exploratória de cunho qualitativo concentrada no mês de março de 2023. Resultado: fundamentação teórica através de artigos e estudos atualizados ou anteriores considerados relevantes. Considerações finais: Diversos estudos mostram a eficácia dessas drogas na perda de peso ao comparar com o placebo. Contudo, deve-se respeitar a individualidade de cada paciente conforme o percentual de perda de peso, comorbidades, tolerância e adesão a posologia. A tirzepatida, embora ainda não aprovada no Brasil, vem se mostrando como uma droga segura e eficaz para o tratamento da obesidade em comparação com as outras drogas, com resultados satisfatórios. Além disso, sempre associar o tratamento farmacológico com a prática de atividade física e dieta com restrição calórica para obter melhores desfechos. São necessários novos ensaios clínicos, revisões sistemáticas e metanálise para levantar novas evidências de eficácia e segurança sobre o tema

ATLANTIC-CAMTRAPS: a dataset of medium and large terrestrial mammal communities in the Atlantic Forest of South America

Our understanding of mammal ecology has always been hindered by the difficulties of observing species in closed tropical forests. Camera trapping has become a major advance for monitoring terrestrial mammals in biodiversity rich ecosystems. Here we compiled one of the largest datasets of inventories of terrestrial mammal communities for the Neotropical region based on camera trapping studies. The dataset comprises 170 surveys of medium to large terrestrial mammals using camera traps conducted in 144 areas by 74 studies, covering six vegetation types of tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of South America (Brazil and Argentina), and present data on species composition and richness. The complete dataset comprises 53,438 independent records of 83 species of mammals, includes 10 species of marsupials, 15 rodents, 20 carnivores, eight ungulates and six armadillos. Species richness averaged 13 species (±6.07 SD) per site. Only six species occurred in more than 50% of the sites: the domestic dog Canis familiaris, crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, tayra Eira barbara, south American coati Nasua nasua, crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus and the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. The information contained in this dataset can be used to understand macroecological patterns of biodiversity, community, and population structure, but also to evaluate the ecological consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and trophic interactions. © 2017 by the Ecological Society of Americ

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost