Aislamiento y caracterización de las vesículas extracelulares en Candida albicans

Background : The occurrence of systemic infections due to C. albicans has increased especially in critically ill patients. In fungal infections, secretory mechanisms are key events for disease establishment. Recent findings demonstrate that fungal organisms release many molecular components to the extracellular space in extracellular vesicles. Aims: We develop a method to obtain exosomes from yeast cultures of the Candida albicans . Methods : Yeast strains used in this work were C. albicans SC5314, C. parapsilosis (ATCC 22019) and C. krusei (ATCC 6258). Yeasts were grown at 37.º in liquid YPD medium. The cell cultures were centrifuged and the supernatant filtered through sterile nitrocellulose. Filtrates were concentrated and centrifuged using an ultracentrifuge. The sediment was analyzed by electron microscopy of transmission. Results: The transmission of electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis confirmed the presence of extracellular vesicles (exosomes) of sizes between 100 and 200 nm and the absence of cellular contaminants. This was ratified by the characterization of proteins performed through the western blot technique, where the absence of cell contamination in the preparations was assessed. Conclusions: The method proves to be highly effective due to the homogeneity and purity of the obtained microvesicles. The protocol developed in this paper proves to be effective for obtaining exosomes of other Candida species, which will allow future studies to determine its protein composition and the role that these vesicles can play.Contexto: La aparición de infecciones sistémicas por C. albicans ha aumentado sobre todo en pacientes graves. En las infecciones fúngicas, los mecanismos de secreción son eventos clave para que el establecimiento de la enfermedad. Hallazgos recientes demuestran que los organismos fúngicos liberan muchos componentes moleculares al espacio extracelular en vesículas extracelulares. Objetivos: Desarrollamos un método para obtener exosomas de cultivos de levadura de Candida albicans . Métodos: Las cepas de levadura que se usaron en este trabajo son C. albicans SC5314, C. parapsilosis (ATCC 22019) y C. krusei (ATCC 6258). Las levaduras se cultivaron a 37.º C en un medio YPD líquido. Los cultivos de células fueron centrifugados y el sobrenadante, filtrado por medio de nitrocelulosa estéril. Los filtrados se concentraron y centrifugaron usando una ultracentrifugadora. El sedimento fue analizado por un microscopio electrónico de transmisión. Resultados: La microscopía electrónica de transmisión y el análisis de nanopartículas confirman la presencia de vesículas extracelulares (exosomas) de un tamaño entre 100 y 200 nm, así como la ausencia de contaminantes celulares. Esto se ratificó mediante la caracterización de proteínas obtenidas por medio de la técnica de Western blot, donde se evaluó la ausencia de contaminación celular en las preparaciones. Conclusiones: El método es altamente eficaz dada la homogeneidad y la pureza de las microvesículas obtenidas. El protocolo desarrollado en este artículo demuestra ser efectivo para obtener exosomas de otras especies Candida , lo que permitirá que en futuros estudios se determine su composición proteica y el papel que estas vesículas pueden desempeñar.Ciencias Experimentale

Desarrollo de sistemas modulares robóticos y neuroprotésicos personalizables para la asistencia de la marcha patológica a través del diseño centrado en el usuario: Proyecto TAILOR

Currently available wereable exoskeletons and neuroprosthetic gait assistive devices have controverted efficacy and low penetration into rehabilitation centers because they are generic solutions that do not consider the individual requirements and characteristics of each patient. TAILOR project proposes a new approach to the design of customizable neurorobotic systems, based on robotic exoskeletons (WR) and modular neuroprosthetics (NP) to provide subject-specific solutions. These two technologies are integrated with a closed loop hybrid controller. We are using a User-Centered Design approach for the design and development of these technologies to effectively introduce the requirements and needs of patients and clinical staff. Currently, we are making modifications to the WR to integrate it to the NP, which has already been developedPeer ReviewedObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::3 - Salut i BenestarPostprint (author's final draft

San Pedro de la Mata (Sonseca, Toledo). Construir y decorar una iglesia altomedieval en piedra

This work aims to offer those results obtained by means of the archaeological, stylistic and geological analysis of the church of San Pedro de La Mata, of its building and decorative materials and of its quarries. Combining these studies (and methodologies) has made possible to identify the original form of the church, to pinpoint the origin of the materials and to characterize thus the skills of the workshops responsible for its construction and decoration.Este trabajo pretende ofrecer los primeros resultados obtenidos mediante el análisis arqueológico, estilístico y geológico de la iglesia de San Pedro de La Mata, de sus materiales constructivos y decorativos y de sus canteras. La combinación de estos estudios (y metodologías) ha permitido reconocer la forma originaria de la iglesia, determinar la procedencia de sus materiales y caracterizar así la habilidad de los talleres responsables de su obra y decoración

Fermentation and purification strategies for the production of betulinic acid and its lupane-type precursors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Microbial production of plant derived, biologically active compounds has the potential to provide economic and ecologic alternatives to existing low productive, plant-based processes. Current production of the pharmacologically active cyclic triterpenoid betulinic acid is realized by extraction from the bark of plane tree or birch. Here, we reengineered the reported betulinic acid pathway into Saccharomyces cerevisiae and used this novel strain to develop efficient fermentation and product purification methods. Fed-batch cultivations with ethanol excess, using either an ethanol-pulse feed or controlling a constant ethanol concentration in the fermentation medium, significantly enhanced production of betulinic acid and its triterpenoid precursors. The beneficial effect of excess ethanol was further exploited in nitrogen-limited resting cell fermentations, yielding betulinic acid concentrations of 182mg/L, and total triterpenoid concentrations of 854mg/L, the highest concentrations reported so far. Purification of lupane-type triterpenoids with high selectivity and yield was achieved by solid-liquid extraction without prior cell disruption using polar aprotic solvents such as acetone or ethyl acetate and subsequent precipitation with strong acids. This study highlights the potential of microbial production of plant derived triterpenoids in S. cerevisiae by combining metabolic and process engineering

Retinoic Acid-Dependent Signaling Pathways and Lineage Events in the Developing Mouse Spinal Cord

Studies in avian models have demonstrated an involvement of retinoid signaling in early neural tube patterning. The roles of this signaling pathway at later stages of spinal cord development are only partly characterized. Here we use Raldh2-null mouse mutants rescued from early embryonic lethality to study the consequences of lack of endogenous retinoic acid (RA) in the differentiating spinal cord. Mid-gestation RA deficiency produces prominent structural and molecular deficiencies in dorsal regions of the spinal cord. While targets of Wnt signaling in the dorsal neuronal lineage are unaltered, reductions in Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Notch signaling are clearly observed. We further provide evidence that endogenous RA is capable of driving stem cell differentiation. Raldh2 deficiency results in a decreased number of spinal cord derived neurospheres, which exhibit a reduced differentiation potential. Raldh2-null neurospheres have a decreased number of cells expressing the neuronal marker β-III-tubulin, while the nestin-positive cell population is increased. Hence, in vivo retinoid deficiency impaired neural stem cell growth. We propose that RA has separable functions in the developing spinal cord to (i) maintain high levels of FGF and Notch signaling and (ii) drive stem cell differentiation, thus restricting both the numbers and the pluripotent character of neural stem cells

Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta

CARB-ES-19 Multicenter Study of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli From All Spanish Provinces Reveals Interregional Spread of High-Risk Clones Such as ST307/OXA-48 and ST512/KPC-3

ObjectivesCARB-ES-19 is a comprehensive, multicenter, nationwide study integrating whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (CP-Kpn) and E. coli (CP-Eco) to determine their incidence, geographical distribution, phylogeny, and resistance mechanisms in Spain.MethodsIn total, 71 hospitals, representing all 50 Spanish provinces, collected the first 10 isolates per hospital (February to May 2019); CPE isolates were first identified according to EUCAST (meropenem MIC > 0.12 mg/L with immunochromatography, colorimetric tests, carbapenem inactivation, or carbapenem hydrolysis with MALDI-TOF). Prevalence and incidence were calculated according to population denominators. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the microdilution method (EUCAST). All 403 isolates collected were sequenced for high-resolution single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing, core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), and resistome analysis.ResultsIn total, 377 (93.5%) CP-Kpn and 26 (6.5%) CP-Eco isolates were collected from 62 (87.3%) hospitals in 46 (92%) provinces. CP-Kpn was more prevalent in the blood (5.8%, 50/853) than in the urine (1.4%, 201/14,464). The cumulative incidence for both CP-Kpn and CP-Eco was 0.05 per 100 admitted patients. The main carbapenemase genes identified in CP-Kpn were blaOXA–48 (263/377), blaKPC–3 (62/377), blaVIM–1 (28/377), and blaNDM–1 (12/377). All isolates were susceptible to at least two antibiotics. Interregional dissemination of eight high-risk CP-Kpn clones was detected, mainly ST307/OXA-48 (16.4%), ST11/OXA-48 (16.4%), and ST512-ST258/KPC (13.8%). ST512/KPC and ST15/OXA-48 were the most frequent bacteremia-causative clones. The average number of acquired resistance genes was higher in CP-Kpn (7.9) than in CP-Eco (5.5).ConclusionThis study serves as a first step toward WGS integration in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in Spain. We detected important epidemiological changes, including increased CP-Kpn and CP-Eco prevalence and incidence compared to previous studies, wide interregional dissemination, and increased dissemination of high-risk clones, such as ST307/OXA-48 and ST512/KPC-3