Follow the Rain? Environmental Drivers of Tyrannus Migration across the New World

Predictable seasonal changes in resources are thought to drive the timing of annual animal migrations; however, we currently understand little about which environmental cues or resources are tracked by different migratory bird species across the planet. Understanding which environmental cues or resources birds track in multiple migratory systems is a prerequisite to developing generalizable conservation plans for migratory birds in a changing global environment. Within the New World, climatic differences experienced by Nearctic–Neotropical migratory (NNM; i.e. breed in North America and spend the nonbreeding period in the Neotropics) and Neotropical austral migratory (NAM; i.e. breed and spend the nonbreeding period wholly within South America) bird species suggest that their migratory strategies may be shaped by unique selective pressures. We used data gathered from individuals fitted with light-level geolocators to build species distribution models (SDMs) to test which environmental factors drive the migratory strategies of species in each system. To do so, we evaluated whether temperature, precipitation, and primary productivity (NDVI) were related to the seasonal distributions of an NNM (Eastern Kingbird [Tyrannus tyrannus]) and NAM species (Fork-tailed Flycatcher [T. savana]). Both Eastern Kingbird and Fork-tailed Flycatcher locations were positively correlated with high precipitation during their nonbreeding seasons. Eastern Kingbird locations were positively correlated with both NDVI and temperature during their breeding season and both pre- and post-breeding migrations. Fork-tailed Flycatcher locations were positively correlated with both temperature and precipitation during both migrations, but only temperature during the breeding season. The value of extending the application of geolocator data, such as in SDMs, is underscored by the finding that precipitation was such an important predictor of the nonbreeding distributions of both types of migrants, as it remains unclear how global climate change will affect wet–dry cycles in the tropics

Management guilds as indicators of environmental conditions : a case study with birds and habitat disturbances in the central Monte desert, Argentina

Diferentes agrupamientos supra-específicos (e.g., gremios, grupos funcionales) son usados como herramientas de manejo para obtener indicadores simples o económicos del estado de los recursos o de la “salud” de las comunidades locales. Una de las propuestas es usar “gremios de manejo”, que agrupan a las especies que tienen la misma respuesta a las perturbaciones de su ambiente. De acuerdo a la técnica a priori propuesta para formarlos, clasificamos las especies de aves del desierto del Monte central (Reserva de la Biosfera de Ñacuñán, Argentina) en gremios tróficos y de nidificación, utilizando datos propios, haciendo énfasis en el uso de microhábitats. Caracterizamos la estructura de la vegetación y estimamos la riqueza de especies de aves y la densidad de cada gremio en hábitats de bosque abierto de algarrobo protegidos (“control”) y hábitats bajo dos de las perturbaciones más habituales en este sistema: incendio y pastoreo. Ambas perturbaciones estuvieron asociadas con cambios estructurales importantes y duraderos, en especial el incendio, reduciendo los valores de cobertura de los estratos de gramíneas y leñosas. El número de especies de aves siguió el mismo patrón. Las densidades de solo algunos de los gremios tróficos y de nidificación variaron entre condiciones de manera similar a la estructura de la vegetación. La obtención de gremios de manejo a partir de agrupar a las especies por su uso de recursos es una hipótesis pasible de ser puesta a prueba, y en nuestro caso la respuesta consistente ante la perturbación apareció sólo en aquellos casos triviales donde se afectaron drásticamente recursos esenciales para esas aves por definición (e.g., si no hay arbustos no hay aves que se alimentan en los arbustos). El agrupamiento a posteriori de especies que efectivamente respondan de manera similar a un impacto parece ser una herramienta útil, pero no está libre de problemas (circularidad, extrapolación a condiciones distintas, razonamiento plausible pero falaz). Además, en estos casos donde solo se asocian variables igualmente observables, es más fácil y directo medir el recurso perturbado que al indicador, por lo que éste se vuelve innecesario.Different supra-specific groupings (e.g., guilds, functional groups) are used as management tools to obtain simple or economical indicators of the state of resources or “health” of local communities. One proposed approach was to use “management guilds”, grouping those species that respond in a similar manner to the impacts in their environment. According to the a priori proposed technique, we classified the species of birds at the central Monte Desert (Biosphere Reserve of Ñacuñán, Argentina) into foraging and nesting guilds, using our own local data of diet, foraging behavior and nesting substrate, emphasizing microhabitat use. We estimated the richness of the bird assemblage, the density of each guild and the structure of the vegetation (cover of vegetation strata) in protected open forest (.control.) habitats and in habitats affected by the two most common disturbances in this system: fire and grazing. Both perturbations were associated with long-standing important changes in the structure of vegetation, particularly the fire: a reduction of the cover of grasses and woody plants. The number of bird species followed the same trend than the structure of vegetation, but the densities of only some of the foraging and nesting guilds were correlated with these modifications. Obtaining management guilds by grouping species according to the common use of resources is a plausible hypothesis, but not a property established by definition. For example, granivores did not present an homogeneous intra-guild response, and the only guilds that showed a consistent outcome to these disturbances were those whose resources, by definition, were drastically altered (e.g., if there are no shrubs, the birds that forage searching in the shrubs disappear). The a posteriori grouping of species that respond in a similar way to the disturbance may produce a useful tool, but not without problems (circularity, unknown extrapolative power, plausible but fallacious reasoning). In these cases, in which two observable variables are been associated, it is easier and more direct to measure the affected resource rather than the indicator, being the latter unnecessary

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries