Discussion about the ages of the Hoyón, Gualanday and La Cira formations in the region of Honda -San Juan de Ríoseco

The results obtained from the pollen-analytical data of the Hoyón, Gualanday and La Cira formations in the region between Honda and Jerusalen (Magdalena Valley), gave a series of stratigraphic problems which are related with those obtained with the last studies of the Caribbean region. After a careful study of the general Palynological diagram of Colombia, it is quite clear that their foundations are not completely solid and it looks lake their geochronologic meaning is questionable. The pollen-analytical data from the basis of the Hoyón formation indicate the presence of the Cicatricosisporites group, which according Van der Hammen appears only in the lower Oligocene, proving that the Hoyón formation corresponds at least to the lower Oligocene and not to the lower Eocene and originating for this reason various correlating problems. Besides, taking in account the stratigraphy of the Tertiary it is impossible to admit that the Gualanday formation in his type locality corresponds to the Gualanday formation of the zone of "San Juan de Río Seco". For all those circumstances it is more advisable to consider as a whole the groups of pollen found in each formation without trying to fix any age, until it is possible to establish one stratigraphy based on the presence or disappearance of a group of species, leaving out the meaning due to the proportions among the different morphological groups of pollen.Los diferentes resultados obtenidos con los análisis palinológicos de la formación Hoyón, Gualanday y La Cira en la región comprendida entre Honda y Jerusalén (Valle del Magdalena), presentan una serie de problemas estratigráficos y de correlación que en parte van unidos a los cambios que es necesario introducir en el terciario de Colombia de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos últimamente en la región del Caribe. Después de analizar las bases que han servido para establecer el diagrama polínico general de Colombia se pone de manifiesto que estas son poco firmes y que el significado cronoestratigráfico que se le ha atribuido es insostenible. El análisis polínico de la base de la formación Hoyón revela la existencia del grupo Cicatricosisporites que según Van der Hammen hace su aparición en el oligoceno inferior. Con base en estos datos resulta que la formación Hoyón corresponde ya por lo menos al oligoceno inferior y no al eoceno inferior. Esto significa un rejuvenecimiento de una parte de la serie terciaria, la existencia de lagunas estratigráficas notables y plantea de nuevo numerosos problemas de correlación. Si se toma como base la estratigrafía y las edades establecidas para el terciario es imposible que la formación Gualanday en su localidad tipo corresponda con la formación Gualanday en el área de San Juan de Ríoseco. Tan 5010 se ha querido plantear la inseguridad de las correlaciones y el problema que representa en el momento actual el empleo de las unidades cronoestratigráficas europeas. Dadas estas circunstancias lo más aconsejable es considerar los conjuntos de polen que se encuentran en cada una de las formaciones sin intentar asignarle ninguna edad, mientras se analiza el polen que contienen los sedimentos marinos en relación con la microfauna y se busca establecer una estratigrafía basada en posibles asociaciones o zonas que tengan como base la aparición y desaparición de un conjunto de especies, prescindiendo del significado que puedan tener las proporciones entre los diferentes grupos morfológicos de polen

Comparison of the spores of the gender Cicatricosisporites R. Poto and Gell. 1933 Hungary and Colombia. Some problems concerning their stratigraphic significance

The spores belonging to the morphologic genera Cicatricosisporites R. Poto and Gell. 1933 from Colombia and Hungry (specially the Dorog Basin) are discussed. Five colombian new species are described C. colombiensis, C. grandiosus, C. cirae, C. tabacensis and C. cundinamarcensis. Also it has been found the species C. susannae (Van der Hammen) is a synonym of C. dorogensis R. Poto and Gell., since they do not show a very importance difference in their characters. A detailed bibliography of the spores described under these genera with their stratigraphic significance is given. The range of these spores is Jurassic to lower Liassic and from actual report up to the Pliocene. Ideas are given about the probable botanic relationship of the spores of these genera.Se estudian las esporas pertenecientes al género morfológico Cicatricosisporites R. Poto y Gell. 1933 de Colombia y Hungría (en especial la cuenca de Dorog), y se describen cinco nuevas especies C. colombiensis, C. grandiosus, C. cirae, C. tabacensis y C. cundinamarcensis, procedentes de Colombia. Se llega a la conclusión que C. susannae (Van der Hammen) es sinónimo de C. dorogensis R. Pot. y Gell., por no presentar diferencias importantes. También se dan los datos bibliográficos detallados de las esporas descritas bajo este género, con su significado estratigráfico. Estas esporas se conocen desde el Jurásico, del Liásico inferior y según los datos actuales llegan hasta el plioceno. Se dan algunas ideas sobre la relación botánica probable de las esporas de este género

Search for top quark partners with charge 5/3 in proton-proton collisions at √s=13 TeV

A search for the production of heavy partners of the top quark with charge 5/3 (X-5/3) decaying into a top quark and a W boson is performed with a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.3 fb(-1), collected in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC. Final states with either a pair of same-sign leptons or a single lepton, along with jets, are considered. No significant excess is observed in the data above the expected standard model background contribution and an X-5/3 quark with right-handed (left-handed) couplings is excluded at 95% confidence level for masses below 1020 (990) GeV. These are the first limits based on a combination of the same-sign dilepton and the single-lepton final states, as well as the most stringent limits on the X-5/3 mass to date

Search for dark matter candidates and large extra dimensions in events with a jet and missing transverse momentum with the ATLAS detector

Open Access, Copyright CERN, for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited

Contribución al estudio palinológico del terciario de Colombia

RESUMEN.- Se da a conocer la asociación de polen y esporas halladas en la serie carbonosa que aflora en la carretera entre Montería y Planeta Rica (Colombia) perteneciente al terciario. ABSTRACT.- The Association of Tertiary pollen and spores found in the carbonaceus series along the road between Monteria and Planeta Rica (Colombia) is made know. RESUME.- L’auter donne l’association de polen et spores rencontrés dans la série charbonneuse tertiaire qui affleure sur la route entre Montería et Planeta Rica (Colombia)  

Discussion about the ages of the Hoyón, Gualanday and La Cira formations in the region of Honda -San Juan de Ríoseco

The results obtained from the pollen-analytical data of the Hoyón, Gualanday and La Cira formations in the region between Honda and Jerusalen (Magdalena Valley), gave a series of stratigraphic problems which are related with those obtained with the last studies of the Caribbean region. After a careful study of the general Palynological diagram of Colombia, it is quite clear that their foundations are not completely solid and it looks lake their geochronologic meaning is questionable. The pollen-analytical data from the basis of the Hoyón formation indicate the presence of the Cicatricosisporites group, which according Van der Hammen appears only in the lower Oligocene, proving that the Hoyón formation corresponds at least to the lower Oligocene and not to the lower Eocene and originating for this reason various correlating problems. Besides, taking in account the stratigraphy of the Tertiary it is impossible to admit that the Gualanday formation in his type locality corresponds to the Gualanday formation of the zone of "San Juan de Río Seco". For all those circumstances it is more advisable to consider as a whole the groups of pollen found in each formation without trying to fix any age, until it is possible to establish one stratigraphy based on the presence or disappearance of a group of species, leaving out the meaning due to the proportions among the different morphological groups of pollen.Los diferentes resultados obtenidos con los análisis palinológicos de la formación Hoyón, Gualanday y La Cira en la región comprendida entre Honda y Jerusalén (Valle del Magdalena), presentan una serie de problemas estratigráficos y de correlación que en parte van unidos a los cambios que es necesario introducir en el terciario de Colombia de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos últimamente en la región del Caribe. Después de analizar las bases que han servido para establecer el diagrama polínico general de Colombia se pone de manifiesto que estas son poco firmes y que el significado cronoestratigráfico que se le ha atribuido es insostenible. El análisis polínico de la base de la formación Hoyón revela la existencia del grupo Cicatricosisporites que según Van der Hammen hace su aparición en el oligoceno inferior. Con base en estos datos resulta que la formación Hoyón corresponde ya por lo menos al oligoceno inferior y no al eoceno inferior. Esto significa un rejuvenecimiento de una parte de la serie terciaria, la existencia de lagunas estratigráficas notables y plantea de nuevo numerosos problemas de correlación. Si se toma como base la estratigrafía y las edades establecidas para el terciario es imposible que la formación Gualanday en su localidad tipo corresponda con la formación Gualanday en el área de San Juan de Ríoseco. Tan 5010 se ha querido plantear la inseguridad de las correlaciones y el problema que representa en el momento actual el empleo de las unidades cronoestratigráficas europeas. Dadas estas circunstancias lo más aconsejable es considerar los conjuntos de polen que se encuentran en cada una de las formaciones sin intentar asignarle ninguna edad, mientras se analiza el polen que contienen los sedimentos marinos en relación con la microfauna y se busca establecer una estratigrafía basada en posibles asociaciones o zonas que tengan como base la aparición y desaparición de un conjunto de especies, prescindiendo del significado que puedan tener las proporciones entre los diferentes grupos morfológicos de polen

Contribución al estudio palinológico del terciario de Colombia

RESUMEN.- Se da a conocer la asociación de polen y esporas halladas en la serie carbonosa que aflora en la carretera entre Montería y Planeta Rica (Colombia) perteneciente al terciario. ABSTRACT.- The Association of Tertiary pollen and spores found in the carbonaceus series along the road between Monteria and Planeta Rica (Colombia) is made know. RESUME.- L’auter donne l’association de polen et spores rencontrés dans la série charbonneuse tertiaire qui affleure sur la route entre Montería et Planeta Rica (Colombia)  

Comparison of the spores of the gender Cicatricosisporites R. Poto and Gell. 1933 Hungary and Colombia. Some problems concerning their stratigraphic significance

The spores belonging to the morphologic genera Cicatricosisporites R. Poto and Gell. 1933 from Colombia and Hungry (specially the Dorog Basin) are discussed. Five colombian new species are described C. colombiensis, C. grandiosus, C. cirae, C. tabacensis and C. cundinamarcensis. Also it has been found the species C. susannae (Van der Hammen) is a synonym of C. dorogensis R. Poto and Gell., since they do not show a very importance difference in their characters. A detailed bibliography of the spores described under these genera with their stratigraphic significance is given. The range of these spores is Jurassic to lower Liassic and from actual report up to the Pliocene. Ideas are given about the probable botanic relationship of the spores of these genera.Se estudian las esporas pertenecientes al género morfológico Cicatricosisporites R. Poto y Gell. 1933 de Colombia y Hungría (en especial la cuenca de Dorog), y se describen cinco nuevas especies C. colombiensis, C. grandiosus, C. cirae, C. tabacensis y C. cundinamarcensis, procedentes de Colombia. Se llega a la conclusión que C. susannae (Van der Hammen) es sinónimo de C. dorogensis R. Pot. y Gell., por no presentar diferencias importantes. También se dan los datos bibliográficos detallados de las esporas descritas bajo este género, con su significado estratigráfico. Estas esporas se conocen desde el Jurásico, del Liásico inferior y según los datos actuales llegan hasta el plioceno. Se dan algunas ideas sobre la relación botánica probable de las esporas de este género

Upper Carboniferous at the Frontal Cordillera (San Juan province, Argentina): characteristics and regional significance

Previous dating of the limestones at the upper part of the Agua Negra in the Quebrada de las Ánimas provided an unconclussive age of Silurian-Devonian. A palynological analysis has been carried out with the aim of improving the existing dating, particular attention has been paid to collecting samples from the partially metamorphic limestones at the top of the succession. The palynomorphs found accumulated during the Upper Carboniferous and they are in association with other palynomorphs and younger chitinozoa (Devonian) reworked from previously accumulated sediment. During the Condwana Cycle this region of the Frontal Cordillera passed from being a retroarc basin (Ramos 7 988), in which the sediments come from eroding relieves of the Precordillera and the Sierras Pampeanas, to a position in which the growing relieves of the volcanic arc that provided sediments also caused the partial cannibalisation of previously accumulated sediments. Previous interpretations of the Frontal Cordillera (Chilenia Terrane) being placed in a paleolatitude away from Condwana were based in the presence of Silurian-Devonian hot water stromatolithic limestones. Our results suggest that previous geodynamic interpretations should be reviewe

'Andean-centred' genera in the short-branch clade of Annonaceae : testing biogeographical hypotheses using phylogeny reconstruction and molecular dating

Aim: We test biogeographical hypotheses regarding the origin of Andean-centred plant groups by reconstructing phylogeny in the short-branch clade (SBC) of Annonaceae, and estimating the timing of diversifications in four apparently Andean-centred genera: Cremastosperma R.E.Fr., Klarobelia Chatrou, Malmea R.E.Fr. and Mosannona Chatrou. The SBC includes species distributed in both the Old and New World tropics. A number of the Neotropical genera display 'Andean-centred' distribution patterns, with high species richness on both sides of the Andes mountain range. In particular, we test whether these groups could have originated on the South American continent during the time frame of the Andean orogeny [from c. 23 Ma (Miocene) to the present]. Methods: Chloroplast DNA sequences were used to reconstruct phylogeny in related Annonaceae taxa plus outgroups, under maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. The markers rbcL, trnL-trnF and psbA-trnH were sampled for 96 accessions to test the monophyly of each of the genera, and thus whether they might be para- or polyphyletic with respect to related groups distributed across Amazonia. To determine the sister groups of the four genera, the additional markers matK, ndhF, trnT-trnL, trnS-trnG and atpB-rbcL were sampled for 23 of the 96 accessions. Molecular dating techniques (nonparametric rate-smoothing; penalized likelihood; Bayesian inference) were then applied to estimate the age of the crown group of each genus and the age of their sister groups. Results: Monophyly was confirmed in Cremastosperma, Malmea and Mosannona. The monotypic genus Pseudephedranthus Aristeg. was found to be nested within Klarobelia, the species of which otherwise formed a monophyletic group, and a South American-centred (SAC) clade was identified. The SAC clade comprises all the SBC genera distributed in South America and generally to a limited extent into Central America, but not those endemic to Africa, Asia and Central America. Age estimations for clades within the SBC were no older than around 60 Myr; those for the crown groups of Cremastosperma, Klarobelia, Malmea and Mosannona fell largely within the last 10-20 Myr. Main conclusions: The distribution patterns of Cremastosperma, Klarobelia, Malmea and Mosannona are not the arbitrary result of the definition of para- or polyphyletic groups. We infer the presence of a common ancestor of the four genera in South America, but not by vicariance of an ancestral population on Gondwana. The age estimations, instead, may suggest that the SAC clade originated in South America by dispersal across the Boreotropics. Although the strength of this test was limited by imprecision in the molecular dating results, the ages of crown groups of the four genera suggest that diversifications occurred within the time frame of the orogeny of the Northern Andes