Reporte de Mercados Financieros - cuarto trimestre de 2012

Este reporte hace una descripción de la dinámica del mercado financiero a nivel local, apoyándose en comparaciones internacionales. El entendimiento del comportamiento de los diferentes mercados es esencial para las entidades encargadas de la supervisión, para los participantes de dichos mercados y para las autoridades encargadas de establecer el marco regulatorio de los mismos

Reporte de Mercados Financieros - tercer trimestre de 2012

Este reporte hace una descripción de la dinámica del mercado financiero a nivel local, apoyándose en comparaciones internacionales. El entendimiento del comportamiento de los diferentes mercados es esencial para las entidades encargadas de la supervisión, para los participantes de dichos mercados y para las autoridades encargadas de establecer el marco regulatorio de los mismos

Reporte de Mercados Financieros - segundo trimestre de 2012

Este reporte hace una descripción de la dinámica del mercado financiero a nivel local, apoyándose en comparaciones internacionales. El entendimiento del comportamiento de los diferentes mercados es esencial para las entidades encargadas de la supervisión, para los participantes de dichos mercados y para las autoridades encargadas de establecer el marco regulatorio de los mismos

Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0–100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC effective coverage performance on the basis of pooled health spending per capita, representing UHC effective coverage index levels achieved in 2019 relative to country-level government health spending, prepaid private expenditures, and development assistance for health. To assess current trajectories towards the GPW13 UHC billion target—1 billion more people benefiting from UHC by 2023—we estimated additional population equivalents with UHC effective coverage from 2018 to 2023. Findings Globally, performance on the UHC effective coverage index improved from 45·8 (95% uncertainty interval 44·2–47·5) in 1990 to 60·3 (58·7–61·9) in 2019, yet country-level UHC effective coverage in 2019 still spanned from 95 or higher in Japan and Iceland to lower than 25 in Somalia and the Central African Republic. Since 2010, sub-Saharan Africa showed accelerated gains on the UHC effective coverage index (at an average increase of 2·6% [1·9–3·3] per year up to 2019); by contrast, most other GBD super-regions had slowed rates of progress in 2010–2019 relative to 1990–2010. Many countries showed lagging performance on effective coverage indicators for non-communicable diseases relative to those for communicable diseases and maternal and child health, despite non-communicable diseases accounting for a greater proportion of potential health gains in 2019, suggesting that many health systems are not keeping pace with the rising non-communicable disease burden and associated population health needs. In 2019, the UHC effective coverage index was associated with pooled health spending per capita (r=0·79), although countries across the development spectrum had much lower UHC effective coverage than is potentially achievable relative to their health spending. Under maximum efficiency of translating health spending into UHC effective coverage performance, countries would need to reach $1398 pooled health spending per capita (US$ adjusted for purchasing power parity) in order to achieve 80 on the UHC effective coverage index. From 2018 to 2023, an estimated 388·9 million (358·6–421·3) more population equivalents would have UHC effective coverage, falling well short of the GPW13 target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC during this time. Current projections point to an estimated 3·1 billion (3·0–3·2) population equivalents still lacking UHC effective coverage in 2023, with nearly a third (968·1 million [903·5–1040·3]) residing in south Asia. Interpretation The present study demonstrates the utility of measuring effective coverage and its role in supporting improved health outcomes for all people—the ultimate goal of UHC and its achievement. Global ambitions to accelerate progress on UHC service coverage are increasingly unlikely unless concerted action on non-communicable diseases occurs and countries can better translate health spending into improved performance. Focusing on effective coverage and accounting for the world's evolving health needs lays the groundwork for better understanding how close—or how far—all populations are in benefiting from UHC

Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0–100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC effective coverage performance on the basis of pooled health spending per capita, representing UHC effective coverage index levels achieved in 2019 relative to country-level government health spending, prepaid private expenditures, and development assistance for health. To assess current trajectories towards the GPW13 UHC billion target—1 billion more people benefiting from UHC by 2023—we estimated additional population equivalents with UHC effective coverage from 2018 to 2023. Findings Globally, performance on the UHC effective coverage index improved from 45·8 (95% uncertainty interval 44·2–47·5) in 1990 to 60·3 (58·7–61·9) in 2019, yet country-level UHC effective coverage in 2019 still spanned from 95 or higher in Japan and Iceland to lower than 25 in Somalia and the Central African Republic. Since 2010, sub-Saharan Africa showed accelerated gains on the UHC effective coverage index (at an average increase of 2·6% [1·9–3·3] per year up to 2019); by contrast, most other GBD super-regions had slowed rates of progress in 2010–2019 relative to 1990–2010. Many countries showed lagging performance on effective coverage indicators for non-communicable diseases relative to those for communicable diseases and maternal and child health, despite non-communicable diseases accounting for a greater proportion of potential health gains in 2019, suggesting that many health systems are not keeping pace with the rising non-communicable disease burden and associated population health needs. In 2019, the UHC effective coverage index was associated with pooled health spending per capita (r=0·79), although countries across the development spectrum had much lower UHC effective coverage than is potentially achievable relative to their health spending. Under maximum efficiency of translating health spending into UHC effective coverage performance, countries would need to reach $1398 pooled health spending per capita (US$ adjusted for purchasing power parity) in order to achieve 80 on the UHC effective coverage index. From 2018 to 2023, an estimated 388·9 million (358·6–421·3) more population equivalents would have UHC effective coverage, falling well short of the GPW13 target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC during this time. Current projections point to an estimated 3·1 billion (3·0–3·2) population equivalents still lacking UHC effective coverage in 2023, with nearly a third (968·1 million [903·5–1040·3]) residing in south Asia. Interpretation The present study demonstrates the utility of measuring effective coverage and its role in supporting improved health outcomes for all people—the ultimate goal of UHC and its achievement. Global ambitions to accelerate progress on UHC service coverage are increasingly unlikely unless concerted action on non-communicable diseases occurs and countries can better translate health spending into improved performance. Focusing on effective coverage and accounting for the world's evolving health needs lays the groundwork for better understanding how close—or how far—all populations are in benefiting from UHC

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Semilleros de Investigación 2016

El Instituto Unidad de Investigaciones Jurídico-Sociales Gerardo Molina, Unijus, promueve y apoya el desarrollo e implementación de programas y proyectos que aporten al conocimiento de la realidad nacional e internacional y de las instituciones jurídicas, políticas y sociales. Por tal motivo, es fundamental el apoyo constante a la formación de semilleros de investigación en la Facultad de Derecho, Ciencias Políticas y Sociales de la Sede Bogotá, así como la consolidación de los semilleros ya existentes. Mediante la Convocatoria n.° 30 de 2016 fueron seleccionadas dieciocho propuestas de investigación integradas por un total de sesenta estudiantes, vinculados a un total de trece grupos de investigación. Este número de Investigaciones en Construcción se divide en cuatro secciones temáticas: 1) investigaciones sobre el posconflicto, desde sus multiples matices; 2) conflictividades y derechos ambientales con estudios de caso en diversos puntos de la geografía nacional; 3) asuntos sociojurídicos referentes a temáticas propias de nuestra realidad social; y 4) análisis de problemáticas del país y de las regiones desde la perspectivas política y de las políticas públicas. De este modo, se demuestra el interes continuo de la academia y sus integrantes por las problematicas sociales, determinando el modo en que las teorías jurídicas y políticas pueden contribuir a la construcción de nuevas propuestas para su solución. La presente publicación está compuesta por los artículos que resultaron de los proyectos aprobados.Sección I. Víctimas del conflicto armado colombiano en tránsito a sujetos democráticos: el derecho a la verdad como eje reparador (2011-2016) Grupo de investigación Colectivo de Estudios Poscoloniales/Decoloniales en América Latina, Colectivo (Copal). En este artículo, se analiza el contenido esencial del derecho a la verdad, para determinar si los mecanismos establecidos en la Ley 1448 de 2011 y en el “Acuerdo Final para la Terminación del Conflicto Armado y la Construcción de una Paz Estable y Duradera” cumplen los estándares internacionales y si garantizan el derecho a la verdad para las víctimas. El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor Camilo Alberto Borrero García. Conflictividad territorial en el Catatumbo. Un horizonte intercultural por construir Grupo de investigación Relaciones Interétnicas y Minorías Culturales. Este artículo realiza una aproximación a las conflictividades interculturales originadas por el choque de las territorialidades campesinas e indígenas presentes en la región del Catatumbo (Norte de Santander). Para ello, se identifican los actores que habitan y disputan este territorio, caracterizando la problemática desde sus diferentes variables y los condicionantes que impiden el desarrollo del proyecto intercultural propuesto. El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor Edgar Alberto Novoa (q. e. p. d.). La representación de las Farc-ep en la prensa colombiana. Análisis de las noticias de El Tiempo y El Espectador en el marco de los diálogos de paz en La Habana (2012-2016) Grupo de investigación Cultura Jurídico-Política, Instituciones y Globalización. Este artículo analiza el discurso de los medios masivos de comunicación en Colombia, puntualmente de la prensa escrita (El Tiempo y El Espectador). Se realiza un acercamiento al conflicto armado con las Farc-ep y el papel de los medios de comunicación y se reflexiona en torno al papel que estos tienen en la representación de los diversos actores políticos frente a la sociedad civil. El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor Oscar Eduardo Mejía Quintana. Democracia e insurgencia. Una mirada a las propuestas para la reconfiguración de la democracia de dos movimientos insurgentes armados (eln y m-19) en Colombia entre 1979 y 2016 Grupo de investigación Seguridad y Defensa. Estudia las propuestas para la reconfiguración de la democracia en Colombia de dos movimientos insurgentes armados (eln y m-19) entre 1979 y 2016. Mediante una revisión documental de archivo, y el estudio interpretativo de los discursos existentes, recopila entrevistas e historias de vida de militantes de estos grupos, reconstruyendo las críticas a la democracia en Colombia hechas por el eln y el m-19. El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor Carlos Medina Gallego. Reparación de víctimas en el sistema de la Corte Penal Internacional: obstáculos y deficiencias Grupo de investigación Grupo de Estudios Penales, Conflicto y Política Criminal. Este artículo busca identificar la participación de las víctimas, las formas de reparación y la relación de la Corte Penal Internacional con los Estados, con el fin de identificar sus obstáculos y deficiencias. El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor José Francisco Acuña Vizcaya.Sección ii Conflictividad ambiental urbana y de aguas en Bogotá Grupo de Investigación en Derechos Colectivos y Ambientales (Gidca). Este trabajo investiga los conflictos ambientales redistributivos en la ciudad de Bogotá, centrándose en las diversas maneras de apropiación, acceso y goce del agua. Con este fin, este análisis se sustenta en una indagación teórica y en un estudio de casos en las localidades de Ciudad Bolívar, Suba y San Cristóbal. El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor Gregorio Mesa Cuadros. Conflictividad ambiental en La Guajira: derecho al agua Grupo de Investigación en Derechos Colectivos y Ambientales (Gidca). Esta investigación busca determinar las principales falencias de los proyectos implementados por el Gobierno nacional, que no han permitido superar la crisis ambiental en La Guajira, situación que afecta los derechos fundamentales de los ciudadanos, principalmente el derecho fundamental al agua. El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor Gregorio Mesa Cuadros. Consecuencias ambientales de las actividades mineras de carbón en Tibú, Norte de Santander, en el periodo 2002-2015 Grupo de Investigación en Derechos Colectivos y Ambientales (Gidca). El posicionamiento de la minería, como pilar fundamental de la economía colombiana en los últimos gobiernos, y la preocupación por las consecuencias ambientales de la minería y la extracción de recursos energéticos son los temas abordado en este artículo. Esta investigación toma como caso de estudio el municipio de Tibú en Norte de Santander. El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor Gregorio Mesa Cuadros.Sección iii Análisis sobre la implementación de la oralidad en la administración de justicia en el Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina Grupo de investigación de Relaciones Interétnicas y Minorías Culturales. El trabajo de campo realizado en Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina pretendió conocer las dificultades de la implementación de la oralidad en la administración de justicia en ese departamento y las estrategias para mitigar el impacto del bilingüismo en las distintas instancias judiciales del circuito de San Andrés. El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor Edgar Alberto Novoa Torres (q. e. p. d.). Hacia una aproximación económico-jurídica de la maternidad subrogada y su regulación Semillero La maternidad subrogada en Colombia. Por medio de un enfoque jurídico-económico se realiza un análisis de la maternidad subrogada, como técnica de reproducción humana asistida, una práctica social no regulada normativamente en el Estado colombiano; así como la concepción de la familia y los constructos sociales de las relaciones cotidianas. El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección de los profesores Luis Arturo Suárez Pacheco y Marcela González Sandoval. Responsabilidad médica: un estudio desde la jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, la Corte Constitucional y el Consejo de Estado Grupo de Investigación para la Articulación del Derecho Civil y los Derechos Económicos Sociales y Culturales, Giadesc. Con este estudio se aborda la discusión de la responsabilidad médica, tanto cívil como estatal, dada desde el ámbito de las altas Cortes del sistema jurídico colombiano, buscando la compresión conceptual de la responsabilidad médica, tanto como sus implicaciones y potencialidades. El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor José Guillermo Castro Ayala. La interpenetración de la justicia transicional y la justicia ordinaria: estudio orientado a la complejidad sobre la seguridad jurídica y el debido proceso Semillero La interpretación de la justicia transicional y la justicia ordinaria. Con este artículo se estudia cómo la Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz (jep) cumplí- ria, o no, con la materializar el derecho a la justicia de las víctimas del conflicto armado colombiano. Asimismo, indaga los modos en que el Estado deberá garantizar tanto los derechos de las víctimas como los de los victimarios que se sometan a ella. El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor Héctor Henrique Quiroga Cubillos. Inconstitucionalidad del artículo 6° de la Ley 1121 del 2008 de teletrabajo, por la vulneración de principios de derecho laboral contenidos en la Constitución Política de Colombia Grupo de investigación Escuela de Justicia Comunitaria (ejcun). Este artículo analiza el teletrabajo, como una nueva modalidad de empleo en Colombia y sus posibles beneficios en la expansión del empleo, pero también los retos de su implementación y las afectaciones laborales que implicaría. El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor Edgar Ardila Amaya. Discursos mediáticos sobre el delito de cuello blanco Grupo de investigación Escuela de investigación en criminología mediática, justicia penal y política criminal “Luis Carlos Pérez”. Desde un análisis criminológico, este artículo aborda las lógicas y discursos mediáticos que subyacen a los delitos de cuello blanco, particularmente al desfalco de Interbolsa. Para este análisis, se tomaron las noticias de dos medios colombianos, en el periodo 2012- 2013, en razón de la importancia que estos dieron a este caso. El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor Estanislao Escalante Barreto. Derecho administrativo para el posconflicto: hacia una administración transicional Grupo de investigación Derecho Constitucional y Derechos Humanos. En este artículo se realiza una revisión de los conceptos de administración pública y se define una administración para la transición, así como las posibles consecuencias de su implementación, en el contexto de los acuerdos de paz entre el Gobierno nacional y las Farc-ep y de ejecución de lo acordado en La Habana, Cuba. Este semillero estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor Andrés Abel Rodríguez Villabona.Sección IV ¿Por qué TransMilenio en Bogotá está en crisis? Grupo de Investigación Presidencialismo y Participación. Hace un análisis de la implementación del sistema de buses de tránsito rápido (btr) en Bogotá —mediante la creación de la empresa de transporte Tercer Milenio TransMilenio s. a.— y los problemas que este presenta: alto precio de los pasajes, ineficacia para satisfacer la demanda creciente, protestas, bloqueos, largas filas, problemas de corrupción, entre otros. El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor Miguel Angel Herrera Zgaib. Impactos económicos, políticos y jurídicos de la crisis de la caída de los precios del petróleo desde 2014 en Colombia, Argentina y Venezuela Grupo de Investigación Grupo de Estudio Economía Digna (Geed). Con esta investigación se analiza el impacto de la crisis en los sectores político, econó- mico y judicial de estos países en el el periodo 2012-2016, tomando el caso de Colombia, Venezuela y Argentina, países que dependen de la producción de hidrocarburos, en especial del petróleo. El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor Daniel Alberto Libreros Caicedo. Diagnóstico de implementación del Código País de Mejores Prácticas Corporativas: el mejoramiento de la arquitectura de control y el problema de la agencia en las juntas directivas Grupo de Investigación Arbitraje Nacional e Internacional (ani). Esta investigación se centra en un diagnóstico de la implementación de las medidas recomendadas por el Código de Mejores Prácticas Corporativas Colombia (Código País) en las entidades emisoras de valores. El semillero de investigación estuvo bajo la dirección del profesor Fredy Andréi Herrera Osorio

XVI International Congress of Control Electronics and Telecommunications: "Techno-scientific considerations for a post-pandemic world intensive in knowledge, innovation and sustainable local development"

Este título, sugestivo por los impactos durante la situación de la Covid 19 en el mundo, y que en Colombia lastimosamente han sido muy críticos, permiten asumir la obligada superación de tensiones sociales, políticas, y económicas; pero sobre todo científicas y tecnológicas. Inicialmente, esto supone la existencia de una capacidad de la sociedad colombiana por recuperar su estado inicial después de que haya cesado la perturbación a la que fue sometida por la catastrófica pandemia, y superar ese anterior estado de cosas ya que se encontraban -y aún se encuentran- muchos problemas locales mal resueltos, medianamente resueltos, y muchos sin resolver: es decir, habrá que rediseñar y fortalecer una probada resiliencia social existente - producto del prolongado conflicto social colombiano superado parcialmente por un proceso de paz exitoso - desde la tecnociencia local; como lo indicaba Markus Brunnermeier - economista alemán y catedrático de economía de la Universidad de Princeton- en su libro The Resilient Society…La cuestión no es preveerlo todo sino poder reaccionar…aprender a recuperarse rápido.This title, suggestive of the impacts during the Covid 19 situation in the world, and which have unfortunately been very critical in Colombia, allows us to assume the obligatory overcoming of social, political, and economic tensions; but above all scientific and technological. Initially, this supposes the existence of a capacity of Colombian society to recover its initial state after the disturbance to which it was subjected by the catastrophic pandemic has ceased, and to overcome that previous state of affairs since it was found -and still is find - many local problems poorly resolved, moderately resolved, and many unresolved: that is, an existing social resilience test will have to be redesigned and strengthened - product of the prolonged Colombian social conflict partially overcome by a successful peace process - from local technoscience; As Markus Brunnermeier - German economist and professor of economics at Princeton University - indicates in his book The Resilient Society...The question is not to foresee everything but to be able to react...learn to recover quickly.Bogot

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Externalidades en la salud pública y la biodiversidad derivadas de la cadena de valor de la Mota - valoración económica en un experimento de elección

ilustracionesIncluye referencias bibliográficastextocomputadorarecurso en líneaLa presente investigación buscar proponer alternativas para los actores involucrados en la cadena de valor de la Mota (Calophysus macropterus) a partir de las preferencias del consumidor final en Bogotá. Se realizó un experimento de elección a través de una encuesta presencial y otra en línea con un total de 870 encuestados; los datos recolectados se analizaron con un modelo logístico ordenado y a partir de esto se estimó el valor económico que estarían dispuestos a pagar los consumidores encuestados por la salubridad del pescado que adquieren y por la seguridad de que al comprarlo no están contribuyendo de manera indirecta a una práctica que amenaza los delfines amazónicos. Adicionalmente se evalúa el impacto en los estimados de disponibilidad a pagar de recibir información -a través de un video- sobre la contaminación con mercurio en algunos pescados y las repercusiones en la salud que puede traer su consumoMagíster en EconomíaMaestrí