Paramonga : caso de una cooperativa de producci?n agroindustrial

Tiene por objeto analizar el desarrollo y la estructura actual de la Cooperativa Agraria de Producci?n Paramonga Ltda. n.? 37. El Estudio responde fundamentalmente a la necesidad de conocer la manera como una empresa de raigambre capitalista se convierte en cooperativa. En este sentido, se analiza especialmente la forma en que el poder de gesti?n y el producto de la actividad empresarial pasan de la compa??a americana Grace a manos de los socios cooperativistas, quienes tambi?n est?n adquiriendo progresivamente la propiedad del capital social. En la primera parte del estudio se examinan los antecedentes hist?ricos del complejo agroindustrial de Paramonga y c?mo su propietaria, la Grace, a ra?z de la expropiaci?n por el Estado de la parte agr?cola al aplicar la ley de Reforma Agraria, asegura sus operaciones empresariales en el pa?s mediante la consolidaci?n de sus actividades industriales en Lima, Paramonga y Trujillo. En la segunda y tercera parte se analizan los varios aspectos constitutivos, econ?micos y organizativos de esta cooperativa y los problemas que se presentan al asumir los trabajadores la gesti?n y el control de la empresa

Identificaci?n y an?lisis de conflictos entre los actores de la cadena de suministros de la leche en el Per?

Para 2018, la producci?n mundial de leche se estim? en 827 millones de TM, lo que representar?a un incremento de 2% con relaci?n al a?o anterior. Para 2030 se estima que alcance las 1,268 TM que representar?a un incremento de 2.3% promedio anual. Sin embargo, el principal eslab?n est? fragmentado puesto que el 85.9% de los actores tiene menos de diez vacas. A esto se suma que la mayor?a de organizaciones de productores ganaderos carecen de una gesti?n adecuada lo que reduce su poder de negociaci?n y su capacidad de insertarse en el mercado. Frente a ellos, est? la gran industria, integrada b?sicamente por tres grandes empresas: Laive SA, Nestl? Per? SA y Leche Gloria SA. En el Per?, los conflictos de mayor envergadura dan motivo a disputas administrativas que se ventilan en las salas y tribunal del organismo regulador denominado INDECOPI que interviene s?lo ante fallas de mercado que lesionen intereses p?blicos. Para este estudio, se revisaron las resoluciones emitidas desde 2006 A trav?s de la relectura de los expedientes seleccionados, se identificaron los siguientes conflictos: 1. Reconstituci?n de leche en polvo importada; 2. Baja calidad de la leche fresca; 3. Bajos precios al productor; y 4. Ejercicio de la posici?n de dominio de los procesadores

Polarization and Transverse Mode Selection in Quantum Well Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers: Index-and Gain-guided Devices

Abstract We study polarization switching and transverse mode competition in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers in the absence of temperature e ects. We use a model that incorporates the vector nature of the laser eld, saturable dispersion, di erent carrier populations associated with di erent magnetic sublevels of the conduction and heavy hole valence bands in quantum well media, spin-ip relaxation processes and cavity birefringence and dichroism. We consider both index-guided and gain-guided VCSELs, and we nd that spin-ip dynamics and linewidth enhancement factor are crucial for the selection of the polarization state corresponding to a given injection current. For index-guided VCSELs the e ect of spatial hole burning on the polarization behavior within the fundamental mode regime is discussed. For gain-guided VCSELs, transverse mode and polarization selection is studied within a Maxwell-Bloch approximation which includes eld di raction and carrier di usion. Polarization switching is found in the fundamental mode regime. The rst order transverse mode starts lasing orthogonally 1 polarized to the fundamental mode. At larger currents polarization coexistence with several active transverse modes occurs

Update on the correlation of the highest energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic matter

Data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory through 31 August 2007 showed evidence for anisotropy in the arrival directions of cosmic rays above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz'min energy threshold, \nobreak{$6\times 10^{19}$eV}. The anisotropy was measured by the fraction of arrival directions that are less than $3.1^\circ$ from the position of an active galactic nucleus within 75 Mpc (using the V\'eron-Cetty and V\'eron $12^{\rm th}$ catalog). An updated measurement of this fraction is reported here using the arrival directions of cosmic rays recorded above the same energy threshold through 31 December 2009. The number of arrival directions has increased from 27 to 69, allowing a more precise measurement. The correlating fraction is $(38^{+7}_{-6})$, compared with $21$ expected for isotropic cosmic rays. This is down from the early estimate of $(69^{+11}_{-13})$. The enlarged set of arrival directions is examined also in relation to other populations of nearby extragalactic objects: galaxies in the 2 Microns All Sky Survey and active galactic nuclei detected in hard X-rays by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope. A celestial region around the position of the radiogalaxy Cen A has the largest excess of arrival directions relative to isotropic expectations. The 2-point autocorrelation function is shown for the enlarged set of arrival directions and compared to the isotropic expectation.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics on 31 August 201

Geographical variation in therapy for bloodstream infections due to multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae: a post hoc analysis of the INCREMENT study

We aimed to describe regional differences in therapy for bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by extended-spectrum ?-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE). 1,482 patients in 12 countries were included from an observational study of BSI caused by ESBL-E or CPE. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for the influence of country of recruitment on empirical use of ?-lactam/?-lactamase inhibitors (BLBLI) or carbapenems, targeted use of BLBLI for ESBL-E and use of targeted combination therapy for CPE. The use of BLBLI for empirical therapy was least likely in sites from Israel (aOR 0.34, 95% CI 0.14-0.81), Greece (aOR 0.49, 95% CI 0.26-0.94) and Canada (aOR 0.31, 95% CI 0.11-0.88) but more likely in Italy (aOR 1.58, 95% CI 1.11-2.2) and Turkey (aOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.14-3.81), compared to Spain as a reference. Empirical carbapenems were more likely to be used in sites from Taiwan (aOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.03-2.92) and USA (aOR 1.89; 95% CI 1.05-3.39), and less likely in Italy (aOR 0.44, 95% CI 0.28-0.69) and Canada (aOR 0.10, 95% CI 0.01-0.74). Targeted BLBLI for ESBL-E was more likely in sites from Italy. Treatment at sites within Israel, Taiwan, Turkey and Brazil was associated with less combination therapy for CPE. Although this study does not provide precise data on the relative prevalence of ESBL-E or CPE, significant variation in therapy exists across countries even after adjustment for patient factors. A better understanding of what influences therapeutic choices for these infections will aid antimicrobial stewardship efforts.PH is supported by an Australian Postgraduate Award from the University of Queensland. The study was funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III - co-financed by European Development Regional Fund "A way to achieve Europe" ERDF, Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015). BGG, JRB, APH and YC also received funds from the COMBACTE-CARE project (grant agreement 115620), Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI), the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) and in-kind contributions from EFPIA companies

Techniques for measuring aerosol attenuation using the Central Laser Facility at the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory in Malargüe, Argentina, is designed to study the properties of ultra-high energy cosmic rays with energies above 10(18) eV. It is a hybrid facility that employs a Fluorescence Detector to perform nearly calorimetric measurements of Extensive Air Shower energies. To obtain reliable calorimetric information from the FD, the atmospheric conditions at the observatory need to be continuously monitored during data acquisition. In particular, light attenuation due to aerosols is an important atmospheric correction. The aerosol concentration is highly variable, so that the aerosol attenuation needs to be evaluated hourly. We use light from the Central Laser Facility, located near the center of the observatory site, having an optical signature comparable to that of the highest energy showers detected by the FD. This paper presents two procedures developed to retrieve the aerosol attenuation of fluorescence light from CLF laser shots. Cross checks between the two methods demonstrate that results from both analyses are compatible, and that the uncertainties are well understood. The measurements of the aerosol attenuation provided by the two procedures are currently used at the Pierre Auger Observatory to reconstruct air shower data

Trigger and Aperture of the Surface Detector Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory consists of 1600 water-Cherenkov detectors, for the study of extensive air showers (EAS) generated by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. We describe the trigger hierarchy, from the identification of candidate showers at the level of a single detector, amongst a large background (mainly random single cosmic ray muons), up to the selection of real events and the rejection of random coincidences. Such trigger makes the surface detector array fully efficient for the detection of EAS with energy above $3\times 10^{18}$ eV, for all zenith angles between 0$^\circ$ and 60$^\circ$, independently of the position of the impact point and of the mass of the primary particle. In these range of energies and angles, the exposure of the surface array can be determined purely on the basis of the geometrical acceptance.Comment: 29 pages, 12 figure

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research