Economic vs. juristic thinking in Carl Menger’s principles of economics

Austrian Economic School is increasingly being treated as one of the most significant and ever more influential bodies of ideas affecting the contemporary economic science. It is well known that Carl Menger, the founder of the Austrian School, was a lawyer by education. The paper is devoted to the degree to which his legal education influenced his economic theorizing. After a close examination of the Menger’s conceptual apparatus and the epistemological ramifications of the key notions underlying his thinking, the paper concludes that the juristic background of the far-reaching theoretical contributions contained in Menger’s Principles was truly decisive. That holds true despite the fact that Menger only exceptionally utilized the juristic vocabulary. The key ingredients of his theoretical creation? such as the individual autonomy, the coincidence of the wills in concluding a contract the effective protection of property and making transactions based on the individual motivation to further one’s own interests to the utmost? are clearly inspired and in many ways influenced by private law, particularly the doctrines underlying the Roman Law and the Austrian Civil Code

Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 clades in the WHO European Region, January to June 2020

We show the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 genetic clades over time and between countries and outline potential genomic surveillance objectives. We applied three available genomic nomenclature systems for SARS-CoV-2 to all sequence data from the WHO European Region available during the COVID-19 pandemic until 10 July 2020. We highlight the importance of real-time sequencing and data dissemination in a pandemic situation. We provide a comparison of the nomenclatures and lay a foundation for future European genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2.Peer reviewe

Search for jet extinction in the inclusive jet-pT spectrum from proton-proton collisions at s=8 TeV

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published articles title, journal citation, and DOI.The first search at the LHC for the extinction of QCD jet production is presented, using data collected with the CMS detector corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 10.7  fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The extinction model studied in this analysis is motivated by the search for signatures of strong gravity at the TeV scale (terascale gravity) and assumes the existence of string couplings in the strong-coupling limit. In this limit, the string model predicts the suppression of all high-transverse-momentum standard model processes, including jet production, beyond a certain energy scale. To test this prediction, the measured transverse-momentum spectrum is compared to the theoretical prediction of the standard model. No significant deficit of events is found at high transverse momentum. A 95% confidence level lower limit of 3.3 TeV is set on the extinction mass scale

Searches for electroweak neutralino and chargino production in channels with Higgs, Z, and W bosons in pp collisions at 8 TeV

Searches for supersymmetry (SUSY) are presented based on the electroweak pair production of neutralinos and charginos, leading to decay channels with Higgs, Z, and W bosons and undetected lightest SUSY particles (LSPs). The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of about 19.5 fb(-1) of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV collected in 2012 with the CMS detector at the LHC. The main emphasis is neutralino pair production in which each neutralino decays either to a Higgs boson (h) and an LSP or to a Z boson and an LSP, leading to hh, hZ, and ZZ states with missing transverse energy (E-T(miss)). A second aspect is chargino-neutralino pair production, leading to hW states with E-T(miss). The decays of a Higgs boson to a bottom-quark pair, to a photon pair, and to final states with leptons are considered in conjunction with hadronic and leptonic decay modes of the Z and W bosons. No evidence is found for supersymmetric particles, and 95% confidence level upper limits are evaluated for the respective pair production cross sections and for neutralino and chargino mass values

The R156H variation in IL-12R beta 1 is not a mutation

Immunogenetics and cellular immunology of bacterial infectious disease

Crescimento e resistência à seca de leucena em solo de cerrado Growth and drought resistence of leucaena in "cerrado" soil

Plantas envasadas de Leucaena leucocephala Lam. (De Witt) foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação sob 30% de sombreamento artificial, em solo de cerrado, com adição de 0, 750, 1.500 e 3.000 kg ha-1 de NPK (4-14-8). Aos 180 dias após a emergência (DAE), as plantas crescidas em solo sem adubo químico apresentaram os menores valores de taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR = 0,028 g g-1 dia-1), biomassa total (5,2 g), taxa assimilatória líquida (TAL= 4,2.10-4 g cm-2 dia-1), e não produziram nem flores nem vagens. Entre as plantas cultivadas em solo fertilizado, as que receberam maiores quantidades de adubo químico apresentaram maiores valores de biomassa total e área foliar, a partir de 90 DAE. Porém, os maiores valores de TCR (43,92.10-4 g g-1 dia-1) e TAL (15,01 g cm-2 dia-1) foram obtidos nas plantas crescidas em solo com 750 kg ha-1 de NPK. A presença de flores e vagens nas plantas que receberam 1.500 e 3.000 kg ha-1 de NPK ocorreu a partir dos 120 DAE, e aos 150 DAE se iniciou o processo de abscisão foliar nos vegetais crescidos em todos os tratamentos, com conseqüente redução da área foliar, TAL e TCR. Na presença de estresse hídrico simulado, as plantas com 90 DAE mostraram-se mais resistentes que as de 30 dias. Porém, nos dois casos, as plantas mais tolerantes à dessecação foram as crescidas em solo com maiores teores de NPK, e um ajuste osmótico auxiliou as plantas a sobreviverem durante o período da seca.<br>Leucaena leucocephala Lam. (De Witt) plants were cultivated in a growth chamber, with 30% of artificial shading and in "cerrado" soil fertilized or not with addition of 0, 750, 1,500 and 3,000 kg ha-1 NPK, in Brazil.. At 180 days after emergence, plants grown in soil without fertilization presented the lowest values of relative growth rate (TCR= 0.028 g g-1 day-1), total biomass (5.2 g), net assimilation rate (TAL = 4.2.10-4 g cm-2 day-1) and did not produce neither flowers or fruit. Among plants grown in fertilized soil, the highest values of TCR (43.92.10-4 g g-1 dia-1) and TAL (15.01 g cm-2 day-1) occurred in leucaenas fertilized with 750 kg ha-1 NPK. Plants fertilized with 1,500 and 3,000 kg ha-1 produced flowers and fruit since 120 days after emergence. Leaf senescence process began at 150 days after emergence, reducing the leaf area, TAL and TCR. Resistence to water stress was greater in 90 day-old plants than in 30 day-old ones. In both cases, the most desiccation resistant plants were those grown in soil with higher NPK rates. An osmotic adjustment aided the plants to survive during the drought period