Selection of native trees for intercropping with coffee in the Atlantic Rainforest biome

A challenge in establishing agroforestry systems is ensuring that farmers are interested in the tree species, and are aware of how to adequately manage these species. This challenge was tackled in the Atlantic Rainforest biome (Brazil), where a participatory trial with agroforestry coffee systems was carried out, followed by a participatory systematisation of the farmers experiences. Our objective was to identify the main tree species used by farmers as well as their criteria for selecting or rejecting tree species. Furthermore, we aimed to present a specific inventory of trees of the Leguminosae family. In order to collect the data, we reviewed the bibliography of the participatory trial, visited and interviewed the farmers and organised workshops with them. The main farmers' criteria for selecting tree species were compatibility with coffee, amount of biomass, production and the labour needed for tree management. The farmers listed 85 tree species; we recorded 28 tree species of the Leguminosae family. Most trees were either native to the biome or exotic fruit trees. In order to design and manage complex agroforestry systems, family farmers need sufficient knowledge and autonomy, which can be reinforced when a participatory methodology is used for developing on-farm agroforestry systems. In the case presented, the farmers learned how to manage, reclaim and conserve their land. The diversification of production, especially with fruit, contributes to food security and to a low cost/benefit ratio of agroforestry systems. The investigated agroforestry systems showed potential to restore the degraded landscape of the Atlantic Rainforest biome

Role of neuronal reverberation during slow wave sleep in the consolidation of recently acquired memory traces

Evidence exists to state that the main sleep states, slow wave (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) periods perform two complementary roles for post-novelty memory consolidation: respectively neuronal reverberation for short-term recall (PLoS Bio., 2:0126, 2004); and synaptic plasticity for long-term storage (Learn. Mem. 6: 500, 1999). Moreover, memory traces gradually migrate from hippocampus (HP) to primary somatosensory cortex (SI) through consecutive waves of neuronal reverberation during SWS (Frontiers Neurosci., 1:43, 2007). Our goal is to test this hypothesis by assessing the importance of sleep reverberatory phenomena in memory consolidation. Adult male Long Evans rats (n = 3) received implants of electrode array (32 microwires) in SI for multi-site single-unit and local field potential (LFP) recordings; and a bilateral cannula in HP for local neuronal inhibition through muscimol micro-injection (0.5 μl; 1 mg/ml; 0.25 μl/min). Novel tactile stimulation was provided by a 20 minutes exposure to four objects at the end of the first third of a 12 hours recording session. Muscimol was injected after animals reached a criterion of 30 minutes of SWS in the post- exposure period, as assessed by an online state map algorithm (Frontiers Neurosci., 1:43, 2007). Memory consolidation was assessed by comparing exploration times of animals re-exposed to two familiar plus two new objects over several post-novelty days. Firing rates strongly increased during object exploration and remained elevated afterwards during waking. SI single-unit activity during SWS showed even greater Post/Pre differences in firing rates, displaying periodic waves of reverberation yet to be understood. Muscimol application in the hippocampus completely abolished cortical reverberation a few minutes after micro-injection. Hippocampal deactivation by muscimol induced an electrographic rhythm characterized by greater power in the delta band as revealed by LFP recordings. This rhythm was distinctly separated from the SWS spectral cluster in the state map. Importantly, the time spent in exploration of the new objects was not significantly different from the time spent exploring familiar objects, indicating impairment in the learning of object identities. The results suggest that inhibition of HP neuronal activity 1) impaired SI neuronal reverberation during SWS (possibly by altering slow wave stereotypical brain rhythm) and 2) led to decreased memory consolidation for familiar objects

Aplicação de produtos químicos na repicagem da figueira

Como a repicagem de mudas de figueira (Ficus carica L. cv. Roxo de Valinhas) apresen ta frequentemente problemas no transplante, estudou-se o efeito de produtos químicos nesta fase crftica para a formação do figueiral. Procedeu-se aos tratamentos de redução da área foliar, pulverização com Transplantone 10 g/l água, Oed green (oxietileno docosanol) 40 ml/1 ,Good-rite peps (polisulfeto de polietíleno) 0,6 ml/l e Mobileaf 200 ml/l, além do controle. Redução da área foliar ou pulverização com oxietileno docasonol aumentaram a porcentagem de sobrevivência das figueiras transplantadas. Os produtos químicos não promoveram variações significativas na altura das mudas de figueira 'Roxo de Valinhos'. Auxinas componentes do Transplantone (naftalenacetamida e àcido naftalenacético) causaram aumento no número de folhas da figueira transplantada.This research deals with the effects of chemicals on, transplantation of Ficus carica L. cv. Roxo de Valinhos. Fig plants were sprayed with Transplantone (naphthaleneacetamide plusnaphtaleneacetic acid) 10 g/1 , Oed green (oxyethylene docosanol) 40 ml/1, Good-rite peps (polyethylene polysulfite) 0,6 ml/1, and Mobileaf 200 ml/1. A check treatment and aereduction to half of leaf area were also established. Reduction of leaf area and application of oxyethylene docosanol promoted higher plant survival. The chemicals did not affect the growth of transplanted plants. Auxins constituents of Transplantone increased leaf number of fig plants

Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995-2009: analysis of individual data for 25,676,887 patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2)

BACKGROUND: Worldwide data for cancer survival are scarce. We aimed to initiate worldwide surveillance of cancer survival by central analysis of population-based registry data, as a metric of the effectiveness of health systems, and to inform global policy on cancer control. METHODS: Individual tumour records were submitted by 279 population-based cancer registries in 67 countries for 25·7 million adults (age 15-99 years) and 75,000 children (age 0-14 years) diagnosed with cancer during 1995-2009 and followed up to Dec 31, 2009, or later. We looked at cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, liver, lung, breast (women), cervix, ovary, and prostate in adults, and adult and childhood leukaemia. Standardised quality control procedures were applied; errors were corrected by the registry concerned. We estimated 5-year net survival, adjusted for background mortality in every country or region by age (single year), sex, and calendar year, and by race or ethnic origin in some countries. Estimates were age-standardised with the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. FINDINGS: 5-year survival from colon, rectal, and breast cancers has increased steadily in most developed countries. For patients diagnosed during 2005-09, survival for colon and rectal cancer reached 60% or more in 22 countries around the world; for breast cancer, 5-year survival rose to 85% or higher in 17 countries worldwide. Liver and lung cancer remain lethal in all nations: for both cancers, 5-year survival is below 20% everywhere in Europe, in the range 15-19% in North America, and as low as 7-9% in Mongolia and Thailand. Striking rises in 5-year survival from prostate cancer have occurred in many countries: survival rose by 10-20% between 1995-99 and 2005-09 in 22 countries in South America, Asia, and Europe, but survival still varies widely around the world, from less than 60% in Bulgaria and Thailand to 95% or more in Brazil, Puerto Rico, and the USA. For cervical cancer, national estimates of 5-year survival range from less than 50% to more than 70%; regional variations are much wider, and improvements between 1995-99 and 2005-09 have generally been slight. For women diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2005-09, 5-year survival was 40% or higher only in Ecuador, the USA, and 17 countries in Asia and Europe. 5-year survival for stomach cancer in 2005-09 was high (54-58%) in Japan and South Korea, compared with less than 40% in other countries. By contrast, 5-year survival from adult leukaemia in Japan and South Korea (18-23%) is lower than in most other countries. 5-year survival from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is less than 60% in several countries, but as high as 90% in Canada and four European countries, which suggests major deficiencies in the management of a largely curable disease. INTERPRETATION: International comparison of survival trends reveals very wide differences that are likely to be attributable to differences in access to early diagnosis and optimum treatment. Continuous worldwide surveillance of cancer survival should become an indispensable source of information for cancer patients and researchers and a stimulus for politicians to improve health policy and health-care systems

Search for black holes and other new phenomena in high-multiplicity final states in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

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Search for high-mass diphoton resonances in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV and combination with 8 TeV search

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Search for heavy resonances decaying into a vector boson and a Higgs boson in final states with charged leptons, neutrinos, and b quarks

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Perfil dos Usuários de Medicamentos das Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Ceres-GO.

Foram aplicados 321 questionários aos usuários de medicamentos nas seis unidades básicas de saúde da cidade de Ceres – GO.  Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo software EPI INFO 3.5.2 e Microsoft Office Excel® 2007. O perfil dos entrevistados demonstra que a população estudada é carente de informações quanto ao uso correto de medicamentos, sendo a ausência do farmacêutico uma das principais causas deste problema. Portanto esta pesquisa fornece subsídios importantes para o estabelecimento de estratégias específicas e políticas públicas como a Política Nacional de Medicamentos e a Política Nacional de Assistência Farmacêutica, visando à melhoria da saúde da população. Abstract 321 questionnaires were applied to drug users in the six basic health units in the city of Ceres - GO. Data were statistically analyzed by using EPI INFO 3.5.2 and Microsoft Office Excel ® 2007. The profile of respondents shows that the population is deprived of information concerning the correct use of medicines, and the absence of the pharmacist a major cause of this problem. Therefore this research provides important support for the establishment of specific strategies and policies such as the National Drug Policy and the National Policy for Pharmaceutical Care, aiming to improve the population's health

Search for leptophobic Z ' bosons decaying into four-lepton final states in proton-proton collisions at root s=8 TeV

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