Enriquecimiento nutricional de aceites vegetales con ácidos grasos n-3 de cadena larga mediante interesterificación enzimática con una nueva lipasa vegetal

The aim of the present work was to produce vegetable oils enriched with long-chain n-3 fatty acids of nutraceutical interest, through an enzyme-catalyzed interesterification with a new lipase, from physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.). The Vegetable Lipase Powder (biocatalyst) called VLP, which has never been applied in functional foods, was obtained from the physic nut seed, and efficiently hydrolyzed the 95% of waste fish oil in 24 h. Urea precipitation was used to concentrate polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and was further interesterified with oils of different sources by means of enzymatic catalysis. After the interesterification reaction, which was also catalyzed by the VLP, the PUFA content in coconut oil increased almost ten-fold from 1.8% to 17.7%. In palm oil, the PUFA content increased two-fold from 10.5% to 21.8%, while in olive oil the level of PUFA increased from 8.6% to 21.3%. The mixture of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (3.7% to 3.9%) was incorporated into the triacylglycerol fraction of each of the coconut, palm and olive oils. Through the hydroesterification (hydrolysis followed by interesterification) all the interesterified vegetable oils tested presented sufficient EPA and DHA levels to satisfy the levels recommended for intake by human adults in one tablespoon.El objetivo del presente trabajo fue producir aceites vegetales enriquecidos con ácidos grasos n-3 de cadena larga de interés nutraceutico, por interesterificación catalizada mediante una nueva lipasa, una enzima de semilla de Jatropha curcas L. La lipasa vegetal en polvo (biocatalizador) llamada VLP, nunca ha sido aplicada en alimentos funcionales, se obtuvo mediante procedimientos físicos con semillas de nueces, e hidrolizó eficientemente el 95% de aceites de residuos de pescado en 24 h. La precipitación con urea se utilizó para concentrar los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFA) que fueron posteriormente interesterificados con aceites de diferentes fuentes mediante catálisis enzimática. Tras la reacción de interesterificación, que también fue catalizada por la VLP, el contenido de PUFA en el aceite de coco aumentó casi diez veces de 1,8% a 17,7%. En el aceite de palma, el contenido de PUFA aumentó dos veces desde 10,5% a 21,8%, mientras que en el aceite de oliva el nivel de PUFA incrementó de 8,6% a 21,3%. La mezcla de ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) (3,7% a 3,9%) fué incorporada a la fracción de triacilgliceroles de cada uno de los aceites, coco, palma y oliva. Mediante hidroesterificación (hidrólisis seguido de interesterificación) todos los aceites vegetales interesterificados ensayados contienen en una cucharada suficientes niveles de EPA y DHA para cubrir los niveles recomendados de ingesta de humanos adultos

Characterization of nutritional deficiences on low lands of the cerrado region

Avaliou-se, em casa de vegetação, o efeito do calcário, S, Cu, Zn, B e Mo na produção da matéria seca, número e peso de nódulos da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril), var. Doko, em dez solos de várzeas da Região dos Cerrados com ampla variação nas suas propriedades químicas e físicas. Utilizou-se como esquema experimental um fatorial fracionado 26, em dois blocos. Os nutrientes foram aplicados na base de mg do elemento por litro de solo seco (mg/1) :0 e 30 de S (enxofre elementar), 0 e 2 Cu (CuCl), 0 e 3 de Zn (ZnO), 0 e 0,5 de B (H3BO3 ), 0 e 0,25 de Mo (Na2 MoO4 2H2O), e, 0 e uma dose de calcário, determinada pelo método SMP, para elevar o pH de cada solo a 5,5. A adubação básica (mg/l) constou de 100 de P e 127 de K (KH2PO4), e mais 73 de K (KCl). Dos dez solos estudados, oito responderam à calagem. Quanto ao efeito de cada nutriente nos parâmetros avaliados (matéria seca, número e peso de nódulos), as respostas obedeceram à seguinte ordem: B>S>Cu>Zn. Não foi constatada resposta ao molibdênio. Houve efeito das interações calcário x B, calcário x S, calcário x Zn, Cu x Zn e S x B, nos parâmetros avaliados.The effect of lime, S, Cu, Zn, B and Mo on the dry matter yield, number and dry weight of nodules of soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill), variety Doko, was evaluated in ten paddy soils of the Cerrado Region. The soils showed a largo difference in their chemical and physical properties. The experimental design was an incomplete 26 factorial with two replications. The nutrients were applied on the basis of mg of each element per liter of dry soil (mg/1 ): 0 and 30 of S (elemental sulphur), 0 and 2 of Cu (CuCl), 0 and 3 of Zn (ZnO), 0 and 0.5 of B (H3BO3), 0 and 0.25 of Mo (Na2MoO42H2O), and, 0 and a quantity of lime determined by the SMP method sufficient to increase the pH of each soil to 5.5. A basic fertilization was used (mg/l): 100 of P and 127 of K (KH2PO4) and 73 of K (KCl). Eight out of the ten soils responded to lime. For the parameters evaluated (dry matter yield, number and dry weight of nodules), the response of the nutrients was in the following sequence: B>S>Cu>Zn. There was no effect of Mo on any of these parameters. An effect of the interactions lime x B, lime x S, lime x Zn, Cu x Zn and S x B on the dry matter yield, number and dry weight of nodules was observed

Semiclassical Quantization for the Spherically Symmetric Systems under an Aharonov-Bohm magnetic flux

The semiclassical quantization rule is derived for a system with a spherically symmetric potential $V(r) \sim r^{\nu}$ $(-2<\nu <\infty)$ and an Aharonov-Bohm magnetic flux. Numerical results are presented and compared with known results for models with $\nu = -1,0,2,\infty$. It is shown that the results provided by our method are in good agreement with previous results. One expects that the semiclassical quantization rule shown in this paper will provide a good approximation for all principle quantum number even the rule is derived in the large principal quantum number limit $n \gg 1$. We also discuss the power parameter $\nu$ dependence of the energy spectra pattern in this paper.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, some typos correcte

Clinical outcomes of temporary mechanical circulatory support as a direct bridge to heart transplantation: a nationwide Spanish registry

Background: In Spain, listing for high-urgent heart transplantation is allowed for critically ill candidates not weanable from temporary mechanical circulatory support (T-MCS). We sought to analyse the clinical outcomes of this strategy. Methods and results: We conducted a case-by-case, retrospective review of clinical records of 291 adult patients listed for high-urgent heart transplantation under temporary devices from 2010 to 2015 in 16 Spanish institutions. Survival after listing and adverse clinical events were studied. At the time of listing, 169 (58%) patients were supported on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO), 70 (24%) on temporary left ventricular assist devices (T-LVAD) and 52 (18%) on temporary biventricular assist devices (T-BiVAD). Seven patients transitioned from VA-ECMO to temporary ventricular assist devices while on the waiting list. Mean time on T-MCS was 13.1 ± 12.6 days. Mean time from listing to transplantation was 7.6 ± 8.5 days. Overall, 230 (79%) patients were transplanted and 54 (18.6%) died during MCS. In-hospital postoperative mortality after transplantation was 33.3%, 11.9% and 26.2% for patients bridged on VA-ECMO, T-LVAD and T-BiVAD, respectively (P = 0.008). Overall survival from listing to hospital discharge was 54.4%, 78.6% and 55.8%, respectively (P = 0.002). T-LVAD support was independently associated with a lower risk of death over the first year after listing (hazard ratio 0.52, 95% confidence interval 0.30–0.92). Patients treated with VA-ECMO showed the highest incidence rate of adverse clinical events associated with T-MCS. Conclusion: Temporary devices may be used to bridge critically ill candidates directly to heart transplantation in a setting of short waiting list times, as is the case of Spain. In our series, bridging with T-LVAD was associated with more favourable outcomes than bridging with T-BiVAD or VA-ECMO

Unsupervised system to classify SO2 pollutant concentrations in Salamanca, Mexico

Salamanca is cataloged as one of the most polluted cities in Mexico. In order to observe the behavior and clarify the influence of wind parameters on the Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) concentrations a Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) Neural Network have been implemented at three monitoring locations for the period from January 1 to December 31, 2006. The maximum and minimum daily values of SO2 concentrations measured during the year of 2006 were correlated with the wind parameters of the same period. The main advantages of the SOM Neural Network is that it allows to integrate data from different sensors and provide readily interpretation results. Especially, it is powerful mapping and classification tool, which others information in an easier way and facilitates the task of establishing an order of priority between the distinguished groups of concentrations depending on their need for further research or remediation actions in subsequent management steps. For each monitoring location, SOM classifications were evaluated with respect to pollution levels established by Health Authorities. The classification system can help to establish a better air quality monitoring methodology that is essential for assessing the effectiveness of imposed pollution controls, strategies, and facilitate the pollutants reduction

Search for direct production of charginos and neutralinos in events with three leptons and missing transverse momentum in √s = 7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with three electrons or muons and missing transverse momentum is presented. The analysis is based on 4.7 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded with the ATLAS detector. Observations are consistent with Standard Model expectations in three signal regions that are either depleted or enriched in Z-boson decays. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set in R-parity conserving phenomenological minimal supersymmetric models and in simplified models, significantly extending previous results

Jet size dependence of single jet suppression in lead-lead collisions at sqrt(s(NN)) = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

Measurements of inclusive jet suppression in heavy ion collisions at the LHC provide direct sensitivity to the physics of jet quenching. In a sample of lead-lead collisions at sqrt(s) = 2.76 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of approximately 7 inverse microbarns, ATLAS has measured jets with a calorimeter over the pseudorapidity interval |eta| < 2.1 and over the transverse momentum range 38 < pT < 210 GeV. Jets were reconstructed using the anti-kt algorithm with values for the distance parameter that determines the nominal jet radius of R = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5. The centrality dependence of the jet yield is characterized by the jet "central-to-peripheral ratio," Rcp. Jet production is found to be suppressed by approximately a factor of two in the 10% most central collisions relative to peripheral collisions. Rcp varies smoothly with centrality as characterized by the number of participating nucleons. The observed suppression is only weakly dependent on jet radius and transverse momentum. These results provide the first direct measurement of inclusive jet suppression in heavy ion collisions and complement previous measurements of dijet transverse energy imbalance at the LHC.Comment: 15 pages plus author list (30 pages total), 8 figures, 2 tables, submitted to Physics Letters B. All figures including auxiliary figures are available at http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/HION-2011-02

Breakthroughs in medicinal chemistry: New targets and mechanisms, new drugs, new hopes–2

[No abstract available][Not available

Climate change facilitated the early colonization of the Azores Archipelago during medieval times

Humans have made such dramatic and permanent changes to Earth's landscapes that much of it is now substantially and irreversibly altered from its preanthropogenic state. Remote islands, until recently isolated from humans, offer insights into how these landscapes evolved in response to human-induced perturbations. However, little is known about when and how remote systems were colonized because archaeological data and historical records are scarce and incomplete. Here, we use a multiproxy approach to reconstruct the initial colonization and subsequent environmental impacts on the Azores Archipelago. Our reconstructions provide unambiguous evidence for widespread human disturbance of this archipelago starting between 700 -60/+50 and 850 -60/+60 Common Era (CE), ca. 700 y earlier than historical records suggest the onset of Portuguese settlement of the islands. Settlement proceeded in three phases, during which human pressure on the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems grew steadily (i.e., through livestock introductions, logging, and fire), resulting in irreversible changes. Our climate models suggest that the initial colonization at the end of the early Middle Ages (500 to 900 CE) occurred in conjunction with anomalous northeasterly winds and warmer Northern Hemisphere temperatures. These climate conditions likelyinhibited exploration from southern Europe and facilitated human settlers from the northeast Atlantic. These results are consistent with recent archaeological and genetic data suggesting that the Norse were most likely the earliest settlers on the islands