Functional characterization of a melon alcohol acyl-transferase gene family involved in the biosynthesis of ester volatiles. Identification of the crucial role of a threonine residue for enzyme activity

Volatile esters, a major class of compounds contributing to the aroma of many fruit, are synthesized by alcohol acyl-transferases (AAT). We demonstrate here that, in Charentais melon (Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis), AAT are encoded by a gene family of at least four members with amino acid identity ranging from 84% (Cm-AAT1/Cm-AAT2) and 58% (Cm-AAT1/Cm-AAT3) to only 22% (Cm-AAT1/Cm-AAT4). All encoded proteins, except Cm-AAT2, were enzymatically active upon expression in yeast and show differential substrate preferences. Cm-AAT1 protein produces a wide range of short and long-chain acyl esters but has strong preference for the formation of E-2-hexenyl acetate and hexyl hexanoate. Cm-AAT3 also accepts a wide range of substrates but with very strong preference for producing benzyl acetate. Cm-AAT4 is almost exclusively devoted to the formation of acetates, with strong preference for cinnamoyl acetate. Site directed mutagenesis demonstrated that the failure of Cm-AAT2 to produce volatile esters is related to the presence of a 268-alanine residue instead of threonine as in all active AAT proteins. Mutating 268-A into 268-T of Cm-AAT2 restored enzyme activity, while mutating 268-T into 268-A abolished activity of Cm-AAT1. Activities of all three proteins measured with the prefered substrates sharply increase during fruit ripening. The expression of all Cm-AAT genes is up-regulated during ripening and inhibited in antisense ACC oxidase melons and in fruit treated with the ethylene antagonist 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), indicating a positive regulation by ethylene. The data presented in this work suggest that the multiplicity of AAT genes accounts for the great diversity of esters formed in melon

Additive multiple predator effects can reduce mosquito populations

1. Multiple predator interactions may profoundly alter ecological community dynamics and can complicate predictions of simpler pairwise predator–prey interaction strengths. In particular, multiple predator effects may lessen or enhance prey risk, with implications for community‐level stability. Such emergent effects may modulate natural enemy efficacy towards target organisms. 2. In the present study, a functional response approach was used to quantify emergent multiple predator effects among natural enemies towards the disease vector mosquito complex, Culex pipiens. Conspecific multiple predator–predator interactions of the cyclopoid copepod Macrocyclops albidus (intermediate predator) were quantified by comparing multiple predator consumption simulations, based on individual consumption rates, with multiple predator consumption rates that were experimentally observed. Further, the study examined the influence of the presence of a predator at a higher trophic level, Chaoborus flavicans, on copepod group predation. 3. Both predators displayed type II functional responses, with C. flavicans consuming significantly more prey than M. albidus individually. Overall consumption levels of mosquitoes increased with greater predator density and richness. Antagonistic or synergistic emergent multiple predator effects between conspecifics of M. albidus were not detected, and the higher‐level predator did not reduce effects of the intermediate predator. Accordingly, evidence for additive multiple predator interactions was found. 4. The lack of predator–predator interference between cyclopoid copepods and larval chaoborid midges provides strong support for their combined application in mosquito biocontrol. It is proposed that there should be increased examination of multiple predator effects in assessments of natural enemy efficacies to better understand overall predatory effects within communities and utilities in vector control

Search for a W' boson decaying to a bottom quark and a top quark in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

Results are presented from a search for a W' boson using a dataset corresponding to 5.0 inverse femtobarns of integrated luminosity collected during 2011 by the CMS experiment at the LHC in pp collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV. The W' boson is modeled as a heavy W boson, but different scenarios for the couplings to fermions are considered, involving both left-handed and right-handed chiral projections of the fermions, as well as an arbitrary mixture of the two. The search is performed in the decay channel W' to t b, leading to a final state signature with a single lepton (e, mu), missing transverse energy, and jets, at least one of which is tagged as a b-jet. A W' boson that couples to fermions with the same coupling constant as the W, but to the right-handed rather than left-handed chiral projections, is excluded for masses below 1.85 TeV at the 95% confidence level. For the first time using LHC data, constraints on the W' gauge coupling for a set of left- and right-handed coupling combinations have been placed. These results represent a significant improvement over previously published limits.Comment: Submitted to Physics Letters B. Replaced with version publishe

Search for the standard model Higgs boson decaying into two photons in pp collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV

A search for a Higgs boson decaying into two photons is described. The analysis is performed using a dataset recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC from pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, which corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 4.8 inverse femtobarns. Limits are set on the cross section of the standard model Higgs boson decaying to two photons. The expected exclusion limit at 95% confidence level is between 1.4 and 2.4 times the standard model cross section in the mass range between 110 and 150 GeV. The analysis of the data excludes, at 95% confidence level, the standard model Higgs boson decaying into two photons in the mass range 128 to 132 GeV. The largest excess of events above the expected standard model background is observed for a Higgs boson mass hypothesis of 124 GeV with a local significance of 3.1 sigma. The global significance of observing an excess with a local significance greater than 3.1 sigma anywhere in the search range 110-150 GeV is estimated to be 1.8 sigma. More data are required to ascertain the origin of this excess.Comment: Submitted to Physics Letters

Measurement of the Lambda(b) cross section and the anti-Lambda(b) to Lambda(b) ratio with Lambda(b) to J/Psi Lambda decays in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The Lambda(b) differential production cross section and the cross section ratio anti-Lambda(b)/Lambda(b) are measured as functions of transverse momentum pt(Lambda(b)) and rapidity abs(y(Lambda(b))) in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV using data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The measurements are based on Lambda(b) decays reconstructed in the exclusive final state J/Psi Lambda, with the subsequent decays J/Psi to an opposite-sign muon pair and Lambda to proton pion, using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.9 inverse femtobarns. The product of the cross section times the branching ratio for Lambda(b) to J/Psi Lambda versus pt(Lambda(b)) falls faster than that of b mesons. The measured value of the cross section times the branching ratio for pt(Lambda(b)) > 10 GeV and abs(y(Lambda(b))) < 2.0 is 1.06 +/- 0.06 +/- 0.12 nb, and the integrated cross section ratio for anti-Lambda(b)/Lambda(b) is 1.02 +/- 0.07 +/- 0.09, where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively.Comment: Submitted to Physics Letters

Search for new physics in events with opposite-sign leptons, jets, and missing transverse energy in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

A search is presented for physics beyond the standard model (BSM) in final states with a pair of opposite-sign isolated leptons accompanied by jets and missing transverse energy. The search uses LHC data recorded at a center-of-mass energy sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the CMS detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of approximately 5 inverse femtobarns. Two complementary search strategies are employed. The first probes models with a specific dilepton production mechanism that leads to a characteristic kinematic edge in the dilepton mass distribution. The second strategy probes models of dilepton production with heavy, colored objects that decay to final states including invisible particles, leading to very large hadronic activity and missing transverse energy. No evidence for an event yield in excess of the standard model expectations is found. Upper limits on the BSM contributions to the signal regions are deduced from the results, which are used to exclude a region of the parameter space of the constrained minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model. Additional information related to detector efficiencies and response is provided to allow testing specific models of BSM physics not considered in this paper.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of isolated photon production in pp and PbPb collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 2.76 TeV

Isolated photon production is measured in proton-proton and lead-lead collisions at nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energies of 2.76 TeV in the pseudorapidity range |eta|<1.44 and transverse energies ET between 20 and 80 GeV with the CMS detector at the LHC. The measured ET spectra are found to be in good agreement with next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD predictions. The ratio of PbPb to pp isolated photon ET-differential yields, scaled by the number of incoherent nucleon-nucleon collisions, is consistent with unity for all PbPb reaction centralities.Comment: Submitted to Physics Letters

Sharing responsibilities in fisheries management; Part 2 - Annex: case studies

This report focuses on the evaluation of the process of devolution of responsibilities in the current institutional landscape in European fisheries management. In particular the analysis focuses on how the present management systems contribute to good governance. We follow the criteria as suggested in the EU communication on governance (EU 2001): Openness, Participation, Accountability, Effectiveness and Coherence. The analysis of the various proposed fisheries management models confirms what would then be the hypothesis: There is no definitive alternative management model that can be applied - given the wide spectrum of circumstances surrounding fisheries activity in the six countries included in the study (Norway, Denmark, the United Kingdom, France, The Netherlands and Spain), or at least, none as clear-cut as the models proposed for regionalisation/devolution a decade ago. There are significant differences between these proposals for more decentralised fisheries management systems and the various alternative fisheries management systems proposed require improved efficiency in the application of policies and highlight the importance of local level involvement, whilst providing the opportunity to confer greater legitimacy on policies through improved participation

Ação anti-helmíntica de diferentes formulações de lactonas macrocíclicas em cepas resistentes de nematódeos de bovinos

As lactonas macrocíclicas (LMs) (avermectinas e milbemicinas) são endectocidas amplamente utilizados em animais e em algumas parasitoses humanas. Em bovinos, a resistência parasitária às LMs é emergente, e o surgimento de formulações que diferem nas suas propriedades farmacológicas tornou complexa a escolha da droga mais indicada a cada caso. Com o objetivo de avaliar possíveis alternativas para recuperar a eficácia de LMs sobre cepas resistentes de nematódeos gastrintestinais, testaram-se, neste estudo, dez diferentes tratamentos a base de LMs sobre uma população de nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos a qual, sabidamente, sofrera pressão de seleção por avermectinas a 1%. Adicionalmente, testou-se um benzimidazol. A eficácia das drogas foi calculada com base na redução de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) dos bovinos. A resistência de cada gênero foi avaliada por meio de identificação de larvas, obtidas de cultivos nas fezes, pré- e pós-tratamentos. Não se obteve a eficácia desejada com o emprego de avermectinas de longa ação - com alta concentração e em associação - ou mesmo, com a aplicação de superdoses. Os gêneros Cooperia spp., Haemonchus spp. e Trichostrongylus spp. foram resistentes às avermectinas, e Ostertagia spp. à ivermectina. Observou-se que, uma vez estabelecida a resistência parasitária a LMs a 1%, a aplicação de fármacos, deste mesmo grupo químico, ainda que em formulações mais concentradas, asso-ciações ou superdoses, pode não resultar na eficácia esperada.The macrocyclic lactones (MLs) (avermectins and milbemycins) are endectocides broadly used in livestock and in some parasitic diseases of humans. In cattle, parasite resistance to MLs is emerging, and the appearance of formulations that differ in their pharmacological properties become complex the choice of the most appropriate drug to each case. In order to evaluate possible alternatives to restore the effectiveness of MLs on resistant strains of gastrointestinal nematodes, were tested, in this study, ten different treatments based on the MLs on a population of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle which, known, was under pressure of selection by 1% avermectins. Additionally, was tested a benzimidazole. The efficacy of the drugs was calculated with basis on the reduction of eggs per gram of feces (EPG) of cattle. The resistance of each genus was evaluated by identification of the larvae, obtained from culture in the feces, pre- and post-treatments. The desired efficacy was not obtained using long action avermectins - with high concentration and in association - even with the application of high doses. The genera Cooperia spp., Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. were resistant to avermectins, and Ostertagia spp. to ivermectin. It was observed that, once established parasite resistance to the 1% MLs, the application of drugs, of this same chemical group, even in formulations of high concentration, association or in high doses, may not result in the expected efficacy

Search for leptophobic Z ' bosons decaying into four-lepton final states in proton-proton collisions at root s=8 TeV

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