The effect of surveillance and appreciative inquiry on puerperal infections : a longitudinal cohort study in India

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Dopamine precursor depletion improves punishment prediction during reversal learning in healthy females but not males

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Gene expression patterns in the hippocampus and amygdala of endogenous depression and chronic stress models

The etiology of depression is still poorly understood, but two major causative hypotheses have been put forth: the monoamine deficiency and the stress hypotheses of depression. We evaluate these hypotheses using animal models of endogenous depression and chronic stress. The endogenously depressed rat and its control strain were developed by bidirectional selective breeding from the Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rat, an accepted model of major depressive disorder (MDD). The WKY More Immobile (WMI) substrain shows high immobility/despair-like behavior in the forced swim test (FST), while the control substrain, WKY Less Immobile (WLI), shows no depressive behavior in the FST. Chronic stress responses were investigated by using Brown Norway, Fischer 344, Lewis and WKY, genetically and behaviorally distinct strains of rats. Animals were either not stressed (NS) or exposed to chronic restraint stress (CRS). Genome-wide microarray analyses identified differentially expressed genes in hippocampi and amygdalae of the endogenous depression and the chronic stress models. No significant difference was observed in the expression of monoaminergic transmission-related genes in either model. Furthermore, very few genes showed overlapping changes in the WMI vs WLI and CRS vs NS comparisons, strongly suggesting divergence between endogenous depressive behavior- and chronic stress-related molecular mechanisms. Taken together, these results posit that although chronic stress may induce depressive behavior, its molecular underpinnings differ from those of endogenous depression in animals and possibly in humans, suggesting the need for different treatments. The identification of novel endogenous depression-related and chronic stress response genes suggests that unexplored molecular mechanisms could be targeted for the development of novel therapeutic agents

Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta

Características de uma topossequência de solos da região de Iracemápolis, Estado de São Paulo

Características morfológicas, físicas, químicas e mineralógicas foram estudadas em seis perfis de solos localizados em uma topossequência de 20 km de extensão, ao norte do Rio Piracicaba, na região de Iracemápolis. Na superfície V, mais antiga e elevada (parte superior do Morro Azul) ocorre um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo de textura média (LV-m) (Quartzipsammentic Haplortox, caulinítico); na encosta do Morro Azul, inferior à superfície V e que constitui a superfície de erosão IV encontra-se uma Terra Roxa Estruturada - (TE) (Oxic Paleustulf, caulinítico); na transição encosta-pedimento um Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo Latossólico (PVL) (Typic Paleustulf, oxídico); na superfície III (pedimento), a mais extensa região estudada ocorre um latossolo Vermelho Escuro - (LE) (Oxic Paleustulf, caulinítico) e um Latossolo Roxo(LR) (Oxic Paleustulf, oxídico) e finalmente na superfície erosional II, a mais jovem da topossequência, próxima ao Rio Piracicaba ocorre um Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo - PV (Typic Paleustulf). Os solos mais intemperizados ocorrem nas superfícies mais velhas e estáveis enquanto que os solos menos intemperizados ocorrem nas superfícies mais jovens e instáveis. O LE e o LR estão, nesta região, sempre associado, ocorrendo numa mesma superfície. As diferenças entre o TE e o LR, solos desenvolvidos de um mesmo material originário, se deve principalmente a posição que eles ocupam no relevo; pois a TE normalmente ocorre em superfície instáveis enquanto que o LR ocorre em superfícies mais estáveis. Apesar do substrato rochoso entre as superfícies ser variável, a caulinita foi o mineral dominante nestes solos. Constitue excessão apenas o PV, localizado na superfície mais recentes, onde há predominância de argilo-mineral 2:1, minerais estes herdados do material originário. A gibbsita encontrada na maioria dos solos parece ter origem pedogenética