EROSIVIDADE DA CHUVA: DISTRIBUIÇÃO E CORRELAÇÃO COM A PRECIPITAÇÃO EM ÓBIDOS-PA (BRASIL) / RAINFALL EROSIVITY: DISTRUBUITION AND CORRELATION WITH PRECIPITATION IN ÓBIDOS-PA (BRAZIL)

Este trabalho buscou determinar o valor do índice erosividade da chuva para Óbidos/PA, além de avaliar o seu período de retorno e probabilidade de ocorrência, analisar a distribuição anual deste índice e correlacioná-lo com a precipitação local. Para isto, utilizaram-se dados de precipitação, de 1986 a 2015, de uma estação meteorológica do INMET localizada no município. A partir destes, calculou-se o índice de erosividade para todos os anos de análise, gerando um índice final. Calculou-se a frequência dos valores dos índices e os períodos de retorno correspondentes, que foram plotados em curvas de probabilidade de ocorrência para análise. Realizaram-se análises de regressão para analisar a relação entre a erosividade e a precipitação. No período de análise, a erosividade da chuva para Óbidos foi 13.361 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 ano-1, com probabilidade de 52% de ser equiparado ou excedido pelo menos uma vez a cada 2 anos. Este valor do índice de erosividade classificou a região em área de Muito Alta Erosividade. Nos meses de fevereiro, março e abril são esperados os maiores riscos de erosão, com 60,88% do valor total da erosividade anual. Na análise de regressão, o modelo matemático que apresentou melhor correlação foi o linear (r² = 0,9991).

Análise dos impactos socioambientais na zona costeira do município de Salinópolis/PA

The increasing exploitation of coastal areas as a tourist attraction seeks to meet the interests of people seeking to maintain a greater bond with nature. In this sense, in the state of Pará, the municipality of Salinópolis stands out as one of the priority places in government actions related to tourism, presenting a vast landscape, resulting from the interaction of natural factors that give rise to local beaches and other ecosystems. Thus, the present research aims to evaluate how tourist activities practiced in four beaches of Salinópolis/PA affect the local social and environmental quality. The methodology consisted of literature on the subject, and then, the field stage was constituted in the following: (i) photographic records of the study areas; and (ii) impact checking through indicator control listing. From the analysis of the application of the checklist it was evidenced a great environmental problematic in both sections of research, closely related to the form of appropriation and use of these spaces. The biggest problems were in the section of Atalaia beach, mainly related to the issue of solid waste along the beach strip, as well as in the sewage release at certain points. And at Farol Velho beach, where the advance of the sea has caused the destruction of built environments, access roads and other urban infrastructures. In addition, it was found that various types of occupations occur irregularly and without considering the guidelines established in the urban management instruments, stimulating a series of changes in the natural landscape of both extensions of beaches. Keywords: Environmental Management. Environmental Impact Assessment. Coastal Management.La creciente explotación de las zonas costeras como atracción turística busca servir a los intereses de las personas que buscan mantener un mayor vínculo con la naturaleza. En este sentido, en el estado de Pará, el municipio de Salinópolis se destaca como uno de los lugares prioritarios en las acciones gubernamentales relacionadas con el turismo, presentando un vasto paisaje, resultante de la interacción de factores naturales, que dieron lugar a playas locales y otros ecosistemas. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar cómo las actividades turísticas practicadas en cuatro playas en el municipio de Salinópolis / PA afectan la calidad socioambiental local. La metodología consistió en una investigación bibliográfica sobre el tema, luego, la etapa de campo consistió en los siguientes procedimientos: (i) registros fotográficos de las áreas de estudio; y (ii) verificar los impactos a través de una lista de control de indicadores. A partir del análisis de la aplicación de la lista de verificación, se evidenció un gran problema ambiental en ambos tramos de investigación, estrechamente relacionado con la forma de apropiación y uso de estos espacios. Los mayores impactos fueron en el tramo de Atalaia, principalmente relacionados con el tema de los desechos sólidos a lo largo de la franja de playa, así como la descarga irregular de aguas residuales en ciertos puntos. Y en la playa de Farol Velho, donde el avance del mar ha causado la destrucción de los entornos construidos, las carreteras de acceso y otras infraestructuras urbanas. Además, se identificó que varios tipos de ocupaciones ocurren de manera irregular y sin considerar las pautas establecidas en los instrumentos de gestión urbana, estimulando una serie de cambios en el paisaje natural de ambas extensiones de playas. Palabras clave: Gestión Ambiental. Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental. Manejo Costero.A crescente exploração das zonas costeiras como atrativo turístico busca atender os interesses de pessoas que procuram manter um maior vínculo com a natureza. Nesse sentido, no estado do Pará, o município de Salinópolis destaca-se como um dos locais prioritários nas ações de governo ligadas ao turismo, apresentando um vasto conjunto paisagístico, resultante da interação de fatores naturais, que deram origem as praias locais e demais ecossistemas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar como as atividades turísticas praticadas em quatro praias do município de Salinópolis/PA afetam a qualidade socioambiental local. A metodologia consistiu em pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o assunto, e posteriormente, a etapa de campo constituiu-se nos seguintes procedimentos: (i) registros fotográficos das áreas de estudo; e (ii) checagem de impactos por meio de listagem de controle de indicadores. A partir das análises da aplicação do checklist evidenciou-se uma grande problemática ambiental em ambos os trechos de pesquisa, estreitamente relacionada com a forma de apropriação e uso desses espaços. Os maiores impactos estavam no trecho do Atalaia, relacionado principalmente a questão dos resíduos sólidos ao longo da faixa praial, assim como no lançamento irregular de esgoto em determinados pontos. E na praia do Farol Velho, onde o avanço do mar tem provocado à destruição de ambientes construídos, estradas de acesso e demais infraestruturas urbanas. Além disso, identificou-se que, diversos tipos de ocupações dão-se de forma irregular e sem considerar as diretrizes estabelecidas nos instrumentos de gestão urbana, estimulando uma série de alterações na paisagem natural de ambas as extensões de praias. Palavras-chave: Gestão ambiental. Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais. Gerenciamento Costeiro

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost