14 research outputs found

    Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger

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    On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta

    Étude thĂ©orique et numĂ©rique de l'effet Soret

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    Thermal diffusion, or Soret effect, occurs when a mixture is subjected to a thermal gradient. Mole fractions gradients appears along the thermal gradient as a response of the system. As a non equilibrium phenomenum thermal diffusion is associated to a specified transport coefficient, the Soret coefficient. Its sign indicates the direction of the separation (if negative the corresponding species tend to go preferentially to the cold side) while its modulus value is characteristic of the separation. Although Soret effect has a full theoretical description in the gas phase from the kinetic theory it remains highly not understood in dense media. This work presents the main importance of molecular interactions in the prediction of the Soret effect. First we propose a physical picture of thermal diffusion from non equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations based on results on Lennard-Jones mixtures in which cross interactions were changed from the well known Lorentz Berthelot mixing rules. A macroscopic thermodynamic study of excess properties allows us to link this microscopic picture to the dominating importance of partial molar enthalpies in the understanding of interaction effects. We qualitatively generalised this approach on a typical associated mixture: water ethanol. The last part of the work is dedicated to a generalisation of Prigogine's model (also partly presented by Wirtz and rewritten by Drickamer). We could represent the Soret effect as an activated process with a non constant temperature. This simple model was quantitatively validated on several mixtures and we also predict a new result on the water ethanol mixture at higher temperature but not experimentally tested yet. About this last system we were able to predict the molar fraction at which the Soret coefficient vanishes with a precision of 1%.L'effet Soret se produit lorsqu'un mĂ©lange fluide dense est soumis Ă  un gradient de tempĂ©rature. Dans ce cas la rĂ©ponse du systĂšme se traduit par l'apparition de gradients de fraction molaire. Ce processus hors Ă©quilibre est quantifiĂ© par un coefficient de transport, appelĂ© coefficient de Soret. Quoique bien dĂ©crit dans la thĂ©orie cinĂ©tique des gaz pour les systĂšmes peu denses cet effet est fortement mĂ©connu dans le cas des mĂ©langes fluides denses et liquides. Les travaux de cette thĂšse ont eu pour objectif de dĂ©crireet comprendre le rĂŽle des interactions intermolĂ©culaires sur le coefficient de Soret, tant Ă  l'aide de simulations de dynamique molĂ©culaire pour obtenir une vision mĂ©canistique microscopique, que thĂ©orique pour prĂ©dire l'effet et les diffĂ©rents paramĂštres macroscopiques qui vont le rĂ©gir. Il est dĂ©jĂ  connu que dans des mĂ©langes simples (mĂ©langes d'alcanes par exemple) le coefficient de Soret varie peu avec la fraction molaire moyenne du mĂ©lange. Par contre certains systĂšmes qui mettent en jeu des interactions intermolĂ©culaires spĂ©cifiques comme l'association (mĂ©lange eau Ă©thanol par exemple) voient leurs coefficients de Soret fortement varier et mĂȘme changer de signe lorsque le titre molaire varie. Ce dernier effet se traduit macroscopiquement par le fait qu'une espĂšce qui avait plutĂŽt tendance Ă  s'enrichir cĂŽtĂ© froid va s'enrichir cĂŽtĂ© chaud. Nous avons pu montrer que la dĂ©pendance du coefficient de Soret avec la fraction molaire est directement donnĂ©e par la nature mĂȘme des interactions entre espĂšces diffĂ©rentes en utilisant la dynamique molĂ©culaire sur des mĂ©langes denses modĂšles pour lesquels tous les paramĂštres peuvent ĂȘtre ajustĂ©s pour Ă©tudier leurs effets. Par ailleurs, dans un objectif de gĂ©nĂ©ralisation, nous avons effectuĂ© une caractĂ©risation thermodynamique approfondie des systĂšmes Ă©tudiĂ©s et nous avons pu trouver une corrĂ©lation forte entre le coefficient de Soret et les propriĂ©tĂ©s d'excĂšs du fluide calculĂ©es Ă  l'Ă©quilibre. Enfin en utilisant et amĂ©liorant une approche thĂ©orique historiquement dĂ©velopĂ©e par Wirtz, Prigogine et Drickamer nous avons pu montrer que le coefficient de Soret peut ĂȘtre prĂ©dit Ă  l'aide de propriĂ©tĂ©s de diffusion. En effet si la diffusion est dĂ©crite comme un processus activĂ© alors la dĂ©pendance avec la tempĂ©rature de l'enthalpie d'activation permet de dĂ©terminer le coefficient de Soret d'un mĂ©lange. Cet approche fut quantitativement validĂ©e sur des mĂ©langes modĂšles mais aussi avec un trĂšs bon accord (Ă  la qualitĂ© des potentiels molĂ©culaires utilisĂ©s) sur le mĂ©lange eau Ă©thanol. En particulier la fraction molaire de changement de signe pour ce dernier systĂšme a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©e avec une prĂ©cision de l'ordre de 1%. Nous avons par ailleurs proposĂ© un ensemble d'expĂ©riences complĂ©mentaires aux rĂ©sultats dĂ©jĂ  connus pour valider certains aspects non encore testĂ©s de notre nouveau modĂšle

    Preventing iron( II ) precipitation in aqueous systems using polyacrylic acid some molecular insights

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    International audienceWe present molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous iron(II) systems in the presence of polyacrylic acid (PAA) under the extreme conditions that take place in the secondary coolant circuit of a nuclear power plant. The aim of this work is to understand how the oligomer can prevent iron(II) deposits, and to provide molecular interpretation. We show how, to this end, not only the complexant ability is necessary, but also the chain length compared to iron(II) concentration. When the chain is long enough, a hyper-complexation phenomenon occurs that can explain the specific capacity of the polymer to prevent iron(II) precipitation

    Vapor-liquid equilibrium and molecular simulation data for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) + trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R-1234ze(E)) mixture at temperatures from 283.32 to 353.02 K and pressures up to 7.6 MPa

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    International audienceIsothermal Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) data for the binary mixture of CO 2 + R-1234ze(E)(trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene) were measured using a static-analytic method apparatus at seven temperatures between 283.32 and 353.02 K and pressures up to 7.6 MPa. For temperatures over the critical temperature of pure CO 2 , the critical compositions and pressures of binary mixtures were approximated applying power laws with asymptotic behavior at critical point. The data were well correlated using the Peng-Robinson equation of state incorporating the generalized alpha function, with the Wong-Sandler mixing rules involving NRTL activity coefficient model. The experimental and correlated phase compositions were compared with Gibbs Ensemble Monte Carlo simulation data obtained at 293.15 K and 353.02 K. Though the molecular simulation predictions at low temperature (293.15 K) properly match experimental data, a slight shift appeared at high temperature (353.02 K), and the expected convergence of phase compositions near critical point was not fully observed

    Holocene coastal changes along the Gironde estuary (SW France): new insights from the North Medoc peninsula beach/dune system

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    Le long du littoral de Soulac, Ă  l’embouchure de la Gironde, l’érosion marine provoquĂ©e par les rĂ©centes tempĂȘtes hivernales a mis au jour un ensemble de dĂ©pĂŽts sĂ©dimentaires Ă  caractĂšre estuarien et dunaire contenant de nombreux vestiges archĂ©ologiques. Des relevĂ©s topographiques rĂ©alisĂ©s au DGPS et TLS durant les printemps 2014 et 2015 ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©s le long des 2 km de la plage de l’AmĂ©lie dans le but de reconstituer la stratigraphie de ces dĂ©pĂŽts. Des analyses sĂ©dimentologiques (granulomĂ©trie, micro-faune) ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es afin de caractĂ©riser les unitĂ©s lithologiques et reconstituer le cadre palĂ©oenvironnemental. L’étude du mobilier archĂ©ologique et plusieurs datations par le radiocarbone ont permis de proposer un cadre chronologique cohĂ©rent pour cette sĂ©quence sĂ©dimentaire. Dix principaux lithofaciĂšs ont Ă©tĂ© distinguĂ©s depuis le bas de plage jusqu’au sommet de la dune. La base de la sĂ©quence se compose de formations plĂ©istocĂšnes datĂ©e du MIS9 au MIS2 (Bosq et al., ce volume), lesquelles montrent une topographie dĂ©primĂ©e dans la partie centrale de la plage de l’AmĂ©lie. Le colmatage sĂ©dimentaire de cette dĂ©pression dĂ©bute vers 5000 BC par le dĂ©pĂŽt d’un sable grossier marin suggĂ©rant la prĂ©sence d’une passe tidale. De part et d’autre de ce vaste chenal de marĂ©e, des vestiges archĂ©ologiques datant du NĂ©olithique ancien jusqu’à l’ñge du Bronze tĂ©moignent d’une occupation humaine du secteur. De 5000 Ă  3500 cal. BP environ, un dĂ©pĂŽt caractĂ©ristique des vasiĂšres intertidales indique la transformation du milieu en marais estuarien protĂ©gĂ© par un cordon dunaire. Entre 3500 et 3000 cal. BP, ce cordon enregistre une phase d’érosion qui se solde par l’ouverture du marais sur la mer. De 2800 Ă  1650 cal. BP, une seconde phase de sĂ©dimentation estuarienne est reconnue, signalant le retour Ă  des conditions d’abri. Cette pĂ©riode se caractĂ©rise par une forte occupation humaine et la prĂ©sence de nombreux vestiges archĂ©ologiques de l’ñge du Fer et de l’AntiquitĂ© associĂ©s Ă  l’exploitation d’un environnement intertidal Ă  saumĂątre. De 1650 Ă  1250 cal. BP, le marais est progressivement colmatĂ© par les dĂ©pĂŽts dunaires qui progradent en direction du nord. AprĂšs 1250 cal. BP, le marais est entiĂšrement recouvert par les sables Ă©oliens. Ces rĂ©sultats sont cohĂ©rents avec les donnĂ©es publiĂ©es antĂ©rieurement et permettent de dĂ©tailler localement la sĂ©quence des changements palĂ©ogĂ©ographiques de la pĂ©ninsule du nord-mĂ©doc. En appliquant la mĂ©thode des « sea-level index points » (Hijma et al., 2015), l’analyse des niveaux datĂ©s par le radiocarbone apporte Ă©galement de nouvelles donnĂ©es sur la remontĂ©e du niveau marin relatif dans cette partie du littoral atlantique français. Enfin, les phases d’activitĂ© et de stabilitĂ© des dunes reconnues le long de la plage de l’AmĂ©lie montre un dĂ©phasage par rapport aux Ă©volutions dunaires du reste de la cĂŽte aquitaine et suggĂšre une dynamique sĂ©dimentaire influencĂ©e par la migration vers la cĂŽte des bancs de sables intertidaux et subtidaux distribuĂ©s Ă  l’embouchure de la Gironde.Located at the mouth of the Gironde estuary (southwestern Atlantic coast of France), the AmĂ©lie beach was strongly eroded during the recent stormy events, especially in the winter of 2013-2014. The escarpment at the dune front and the truncation of the beach uncovered a set of estuarine and aeolian sediment deposits containing numerous archaeological remains. A campaign of topographic surveys was undertaken with DGPS and TLS materials during the springs of 2014 and 2015 along the 2 km length of the AmĂ©lie beach in order to reconstruct the elevation and stratigraphy of these deposits. Sedimentological analyses (grain size, micro-faunal) were performed to better constrain the depositional environment. Archaeological remains and several radiocarbon dates obtained from sediment samples collected in the field were used to propose a consistent chronological framework for this sedimentary sequence. Ten main lithofacies were distinguished from the lower part of the beach to the top of the dune. The base of the sedimentary sequence is composed to of Pleistocene deposits dating from MIS9 (unit 1a) to MIS2 (Unit 1b) (Bosq et al., this issue). The Holocene sedimentary infilling began around 5000 BC with an accumulation of marine coarse sands, which suggests the presence of a tidal inlet. On both sides of this tidal channel, archaeological remains dating from the early Neolithic period up to the Bronze Age testify to a human occupation of the coastal area. From ca. 5000 to ca. 3500 cal. BP, a characteristic deposit of intertidal mudflats indicates the transformation of the tidal inlet into estuarine marshes protected by a coastal dune barrier. Between ca. 3500 and ca. 3000 cal. BP, the dune barrier records a phase of erosion which results in the exposure of the marsh to stronger hydrodynamic conditions. From ca. 2800 to 1650, a second phase of estuarine sedimentation is recognized. This period is characterized by significant human occupation as indicated by the presence of numerous archaeological remains of the Iron Age and Gallo-roman periods, associated with the exploitation of a saltwater-to-brackish environment. From 1650 to 1250 cal. BP, the estuarine saltmarsh is gradually overrun by northward migrating coastal-dune fields. After 1250 cal. BP, the marsh is completely covered by the aeolian sands. These results are consistent with previously published data and allow to locally details the sequence of paleogeographic changes of the north-Medoc peninsula. Using the "sea-level index points" method (Hijma et al., 2015), the analysis of radiocarbon dated levels also provides new relative sea-level records for this part of the French Atlantic coast. Finally, the phases of coastal dune activity/stability recognized along the AmĂ©lie beach are synchronous with those in the wider Aquitaine coastal region, suggesting a regional driving factor. We propose that the shared sedimentary dynamics are the consequence of the onshore migration of intertidal and subtidal sand banks distributed at the mouth of the Gironde.Using the world in ancient societies : processes and forms of appropriation of space in Long TimeInitiative d'excellence de l'UniversitĂ© de Bordeau
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